Sierra Acai Company
Sierra Acai Company
Open 7 Days a Week
MonaVie Independent Distributor
Distributor Training
Shop Online
Enroll Now
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
Friends
Buy Wholesale and maintain an Active status for 2 months and we will refund your $39 Distributor Fee
16-September-2008 16:15:17 - withdrawal syndrome Redirected from Alcohol withdrawal Alcohol withdrawal syndrome Classification and external resources Ethanol ICD-10 F10..3 ICD-9 291.81 DiseasesDB 3543 MedlinePlus 000764 Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is the symptoms seen when an individual reduces or stops alcohol consumption after prolonged period of excessive alcohol intake. Excessive misuse of alcohol leads to tolerance, physical dependence and an alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Contents 1 Presentation 1.1 Withdrawal symptoms 2 Protracted withdrawal 3 Kindling 4 Treatment 5 See also 6 References Presentation The severity of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome can vary from mild symptoms such as mild sleep disturbances and mild anxiety to very severe and life threatening including delirium, particularly visual hallucinations in severe cases and convulsions which may result in death.1 The severity of alcohol withdrawal depends on various factors including age, genetics and most importantly degree of alcohol intake and length of time the individual has been misusing alcohol for and number of previous detoxifications.23 Withdrawal symptoms Agitation4 Alcoholic hallucinosis1 Anorexia4 Anxiety and panic attacks15 Catatonia6 Confusion1 Delirium tremens1 Depression78 Diaphoresis4 Diarrhea4 Euphoria1 Fear1 Gastrointestinal upset4 Hallucinations4 Headache4 Hypertension4 Insomnia4 Irritability1 Nausea and vomiting4 Palpitations4 Psychosis1 Rebound REM sleep9 Palpitations4 Restlessness1 Seizures and death4 Sweating4 Tachycardia4 Tremors4 Weakness4 Protracted withdrawal A protracted alcohol withdrawal syndrome occurs in many alcoholics where withdrawal symptoms continue beyond the acute withdrawal stage but usually at a subacute level of intensity and gradually decreasing with severity over time. This syndrome is also sometimes refered to as the post acute withdrawal syndrome. Some withdrawal symptoms can linger for at least a year after discontinuation of alcohol. Symptoms can include a craving for alcohol, inability to feel pleasure from normally pleasurable things also known as anhedonia, clouding of sensorium, disorientation, nausea and vomiting or headache.10 Insomnia is also a common protracted withdrawal symptom which persists after the acute withdrawal phase of alcohol. Insomnia has also been found to influence relapse rate. Studies have found that magnesium or trazodone can help treat persisting withdrawal symptom of insomnia in recovering alcoholics. Insomnia can be difficult to treat in alcoholics because many of the traditional sleep aids eg benzodiazepine receptor agonists and barbiturate receptor agonists work via a GABAA receptor mechanism and are cross tolerant with alcohol. However, trazodone is not cross tolerant with alcohol.111213 The acute phase of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome can also occasionally be protracted. Protracted delirium tremens has been reported in the medical literature as a possible but unusual feature of alcohol withdrawal.14 Kindling Kindling is the phenomenon where repeated alcohol detoxifications leads to an increased severity of the withdrawal syndrome. For example binge drinkers may initially experience no withdrawal symptoms but with each period of resumption of drinking followed by abstinence their withdrawal symptoms intensify in severity and may eventually result in full blown delirium tremens with convulsive seizures. Alcoholics who experience seizures during hospital detoxification have been found to be much more likely to have had experienced more previous detoxifications from alcohol than alcoholics who did not have seizures and are more likely to have a more medically complicated alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Kindling can cause complications and may increase the risk of relapse, alcohol related brain damage and cognitive deficits. The mechanism behind kindling is sensitisation of some neuronal systems and desensitisation of other neuronal system which increasingly leads to increasingly gross neurochemical imbalances. This in turn leads to more profound withdrawal symptoms including anxiety, convulsions and neurotoxicity.3 Treatment Treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome can be managed with various pharmaceutical medications including barbiturates, benzodiazepines and clonidine. Certain vitamins are also an important part of the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Barbiturates Barbiturates are superior to diazepam in the treatment of severe alcohol withdrawal syndromes such as delirium tremens but equally effective in milder cases of alcohol withdrawal.15 Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used drug for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal and are safe and effective in suppressing alcohol withdrawal signs.16 Carbamazepine Some evidence indicates that carbamazepine may be effective in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal but more research is needed.17 Clonidine Clonidine has demonstrated superior clinical effects in the suppression of alcohol withdrawal symptoms in a head to head comparison study with the benzodiazepine drug chlordiazepoxide.181920 Ethanol Alcohol ethanol itself at low doses has been found to be superior to chlordiazepoxide in the detoxification of alcohol dependent patients. Low dose ethanol as a means of weaning alcoholics off of alcohol was found to produce less profound sleep disturbances during withdrawal.21 Low dose ethanol has been found to reduce treatment time, improve the failure rate from 20% down to 7% and increase retention in treatment centres with an increased rate of alcoholics attending substance misuse clinics after detoxification.22 Trazodone Trazodone has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. It may have particular use in withdrawal symptoms, especially insomnia, persisting beyond the acute withdrawal phase.231213 Vitamins Alcoholics are often deficient in various nutrients which can cause severe complications during alcohol withdrawal such as the development of wernicke syndrome. The vitamins of most importance in alcohol withdrawal are thiamine and folic acid. To help to prevent wernicke syndrome alcoholics should be administered a multivitamin preperation with sufficient quanitities of thiamine and folic acid. Vitamins should always be administered before any glucose is administered otherwise wernicke syndrome can be precipitated.24 See also Addiction Alcoholism Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome Delirium tremens Long-term_effects_of_alcohol Physical dependence Wernicke's encephalopathy Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome References ^ a b c d e f g h i j Harada K 1993. Emotional condition in alcohol withdrawal acute psychosis. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi 95 7: 523-9. PMID 8234534. ^ Liskow BI; Rinck C, Campbell J, DeSouza C Sep 1989. Alcohol withdrawal in the elderly. J Stud Alcohol 50 5: 414-21. PMID 2779242. ^ a b Howard C. Becker 1998. Kindling in Alcohol Withdrawal PDF. Alcohol Health Research World 22 1. NIAAA. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q MAX BAYARD; JONAH MCINTYRE, KEITH R. HILL, JACK WOODSIDE JR 15. Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome. American Family Physician. aafp. ^ Cowley DS 24. Alcohol abuse, substance abuse, and panic disorder. Am J Med 92 1A: 41S-48S. PMID 1346485. ^ Muralidharan K; Rajkumar RP, Ananthapadmanabha Rao S, Benegal V 2007. Catatonia as a presenting feature of alcohol withdrawal: a case report. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 9 6: 465. pubmed. PMID 18185829. ^ Burov YV; Treskov VG, Vedernikova NN, Shevelyova OS May 1986. Types of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and dexamethasone suppression test. Drug Alcohol Depend 17 1: 81-8. PMID 3720534. ^ Abitan J; Sigrist O 8-15. Treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms: a clinical study author's transl. Sem Hop 55 21-22: 1105-7. PMID 225818. ^ Gann H; Feige B, Hohagen F, van Calker D, Geiss D, Dieter R 1. Sleep and the cholinergic rapid eye movement sleep induction test in patients with primary alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry 50 5: 383-90. PMID 11543743. ^ Martinotti G; Nicola MD, Reina D, Andreoli S, Focà F, Cunniff A, Tonioni F, Bria P, Janiri L 2008. Alcohol protracted withdrawal syndrome: the role of anhedonia. Subst Use Misuse 43 3-4: 271-84. PMID 18365930. ^ Hornyak M; Haas P, Veit J, Gann H, Riemann D Nov 2004. Magnesium treatment of primary alcohol-dependent patients during subacute withdrawal: an open pilot study with polysomnography. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28 11: 1702-9. PMID 15547457. ^ a b Le Bon O; Murphy JR, Staner L, Hoffmann G, Kormoss N, Kentos M, Dupont P, Lion K, Pelc I, Verbanck P Aug 2003. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of trazodone in alcohol post-withdrawal syndrome: polysomnographic and clinical evaluations. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23 4: 377-83. PMID 12920414. ^ a b Borras L; de Timary P, Constant EL, Huguelet P, Eytan A Nov 2006. Successful treatment of alcohol withdrawal with trazodone. Pharmacopsychiatry 39 6: 232. PMID 17124647. ^ Miller FT Mar-Apr 1994. Protracted alcohol withdrawal delirium. J Subst Abuse Treat 11 2: 127-30. PMID 8040915. ^ Kramp P; Rafaelsen OJ Aug 1978. Delirium tremens: a double-blind comparison of diazepam and barbital treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 58 2: 174-90. PMID 358756. ^ Ebell MH 1. Benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal 73 7: 1191. PMID 16623205. ^ Prince V; Turpin KR 1. Treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome with carbamazepine, gabapentin, and nitrous oxide. Am J Health Syst Pharm 65 11: 1039-47. PMID 18499876. ^ Baumgartner GR Jan 1988. Clonidine versus chlordiazepoxide in acute alcohol withdrawal: a preliminary report. South Med J 81 1: 56-60. PMID 3276009. ^ Baumgartner GR; Rowen RC Jul 1987. Clonidine vs chlordiazepoxide in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Arch Intern Med 147 7: 1223-6. PMID 3300587. ^ Björkqvist SE Oct 1975. Clonidine in alcohol withdrawal. Acta Psychiatr Scand 52 4: 256-63. PMID 1103576. ^ Funderburk FR; Allen RP, Wagman AM Mar 1978. Residual effects of ethanol and chlordiazepoxide treatments for alcohol withdrawal. J Nerv Ment Dis 166 3: 195-203. PMID 205633. ^ Dissanaike S; Halldorsson A, Frezza EE, Griswold J Aug 2006. An ethanol protocol to prevent alcohol withdrawal syndrome. J Am Coll Surg 203 2: 186-91. PMID 16864031. ^ Roccatagliata G; Albano C, Maffini M, Farelli S 1980. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: treatment with trazodone. Int Pharmacopsychiatry. 15 2: 105-10. PMID 6108298. ^ Hugh Myrick; Raymond F Anton 1998. Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal PDF. Alcohol Health Research World 22 1. niaaa. v d e WHO ICD-10 mental and behavioral disorders F · 290-319 Neurological/symptomatic Dementia Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS dementia complex, Frontotemporal dementia · Delirium · Post-concussion syndrome · Organic brain syndrome Psychoactive substance alcohol drunkenness, alcohol dependence, alcoholic hallucinosis, Alcohol withdrawal, delirium tremens, Korsakoff's syndrome, alcohol abuse · opioids opioid dependency · sedative/hypnotic benzodiazepine withdrawal · cocaine cocaine dependence · general Intoxication, Drug abuse, Physical dependence, Withdrawal Psychotic disorder Schizophrenia disorganized schizophrenia · Schizophreniform disorder · Schizotypal personality disorder · Delusional disorder · Folie à deux · Schizoaffective disorder Mood affective Mania · Bipolar disorder · Clinical depression · Cyclothymia · Dysthymia Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform Anxiety disorder Agoraphobia, Panic disorder, Panic attack, Generalized anxiety disorder, Social anxiety, Social phobia · OCD · Acute stress reaction · PTSD · Adjustment disorder · Conversion disorder Ganser syndrome · Somatoform disorder Somatization disorder, Body dysmorphic disorder, Hypochondriasis, Nosophobia, Da Costa's syndrome, Psychalgia · Neurasthenia Physiological/physical behavioral Eating disorder: Anorexia nervosa · Bulimia nervosa Sleep disorder: Dyssomnia Hypersomnia, Insomnia · Parasomnia REM behavior disorder, Night terror · Nightmare Sexual dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction · Premature ejaculation · Vaginismus · Dyspareunia · Hypersexuality · Female sexual arousal disorder Postpartum depression · Postnatal psychosis Adult personality and behavior Personality disorder · Passive-aggressive behavior · Kleptomania · Trichotillomania · Voyeurism · Factitious disorder · Munchausen syndrome · Ego-dystonic sexual orientation · Fetishism Mental retardation Mental retardation Psychological development developmental disorder Specific: speech and language expressive language disorder, aphasia, expressive aphasia, receptive aphasia, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, lisp · Scholastic skills dyslexia, dysgraphia, Gerstmann syndrome · Motor function developmental dyspraxia Pervasive: Autism · Rett syndrome · Asperger syndrome Behavioral and emotional, childhood and adolescence onset ADHD · Conduct disorder · Oppositional defiant disorder · Separation anxiety disorder · Selective mutism · Reactive attachment disorder · Tic disorder · Tourette syndrome · Speech stuttering · cluttering This disease article is a stub. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome Categories: Disease stubs | Alcohol abuse | Drug addiction | Drug rehabilitation | Neurology | Pharmacology | Psychiatry Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page This page was last modified on 15 August 2008, at 16:10
39 Reasons to Drink Acai Juice Every Day
What is MonaVie - Watch the 8-minute video
Discovering MonaVie Video
The Power of You Video
Effects of MonaVie Active on Antioxidant Capacity in Humans
Log into your Wholesale MonaVie Account
So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.