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16-September-2008 16:15:18 - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn This article is about a person who has recently died. Some information, such as that pertaining to the circumstances of the person's death and surrounding events, may change rapidly as more facts become known. In the event that this article is disruptively ed following the death of the subject, please request administrator intervention. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn late in life. Born Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn December 11, 19181918-12-11 Kislovodsk, RSFSR Died August 3, 2008 aged 89 Moscow, Russia Occupation Novelist Notable awards Nobel Prize in Literature 1970 Templeton Prize 1983 Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn IPA: /soÊŠlʒəˈniË?tsɨn/1 Russian: Ð?лекÑ?аÌ?ндр ИÑ?аÌ?евич СолжениÌ?цын, Russian pronunciation: É?lʲɪˈksandr ɪˈsaɪvʲɪtÉ• sÉ™lÊ?ɨˈnʲitsɨn December 11, 1918 - August 3, 20082 was a Russian novelist, dramatist and historian. Through his writings, he made the world aware of the Gulag, the Soviet Union's labour camp system, and for these efforts, Solzhenitsyn was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1974. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970. He returned to Russia in 1994. He was the father of Ignat Solzhenitsyn, a conductor and pianist. He died at home after years of declining health on August 3, 2008.3 Contents 1 Biography 1.1 While in the Soviet Union 1.2 In the West 1.3 Return to Russia 1.3.1 Accusations of Antisemitism 1.3.2 Other works 1.4 Death 1.5 Legacy 2 Historical and political views 2.1 Historical views 2.1.1 The West 2.1.2 Russian culture 2.1.3 Communism, Russia and nationalism 2.1.4 World War II 2.1.5 Stalinism 2.1.6 Mikhail Sholokhov 2.1.7 The Sino-Soviet Conflict 2.1.8 Vietnam war 2.1.9 Kosovo War 2.1.10 Holodomor as a genocide 2.2 Western culture 2.3 Modern world 3 Published works and speeches 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Biblography 6 External links Biography While in the Soviet Union Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was born in Kislovodsk, RSFSR now Russia to a young widow, Taisiya Solzhenitsyna née Shcherbak, whose father had risen, it seems, from humble beginnings, much of a self-made man, and acquired a large estate in the Kuban region by the northern foothills of the Caucasus. During World War I, Taisiya went to Moscow to study. While there she met Isaakiy Solzhenitsyn, a young army officer, also from the Caucasus region the family background of his parents is vividly brought alive in the opening chapters of August 1914, and later on in the Red Wheel novel cycle. In 1918, Taisia became pregnant with Aleksandr. Shortly after this was confirmed, Isaakiy was killed in a hunting accident. Aleksandr, who had three brothers and a sister,4 was raised by his widowed mother and aunt in lowly circumstances; his earliest years coincided with the Russian Civil War; by 1930 the family property had been turned into a collective farm. Solzhenitsyn stated his mother was fighting for survival and they had to keep his father's background in the old Imperial Army a secret. His educated mother who never remarried encouraged his literary and scientific leanings and raised him in the Russian Orthodox faith;5 she died shortly before 1940.6 On 7 April 1940, Solzhenitsyn married chemistry student Natalya Alekseevna Reshetovskaya.7 They divorced in 1952 a year before his release from the Gulag; he remarried in 1957 and divorced again in 1972, the following year marrying his third wife, Natalya Dmitrievna Svetlova, a mathematician who had a son from a brief prior marriage.8 He and Svetlova b. 1939 had three sons: Yermolai 1970, Ignat 1972 and Stepan 1973.9 Solzhenitsyn studied mathematics at Rostov State University, while at the same time taking correspondence courses from the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History at this time heavily ideological in scope; as he himself makes clear, he did not question the state ideology or the superiority of the Soviet Union before he had spent some time in the camps. During World War II, he served as the commander of an acoustic recognizance unit in the Red Army, was involved in major action at the front, and twice decorated. In February 1945, while serving in East Prussia, he was arrested for writing a derogatory comment in a letter to a friend, N. D. Utkevich, about the conduct of the war by Joseph Stalin, whom he called the whiskered one,10 Khozyain the master and Balabos, Odessa Yiddish for the master.11 He was accused of anti-Soviet propaganda under Article 58 paragraph 10 of the Soviet criminal code, and of founding a hostile organisation under paragraph 11.12 Solzhenitsyn was taken to the Lubyanka prison in Moscow, where he was beaten and interrogated. On 7 July 1945, he was sentenced in his absence by a three-man tribunal of the Soviet security police NKGB to an eight-year term in a labour camp, to be followed by permanent internal exile. This was the normal sentence for most crimes under Article 58 at the time.13 The first part of Solzhenitsyn's sentence was served in several different work camps; the middle phase, as he later referred to it, was spent in a sharashka, special scientific research facilities run by Ministry of State Security, where he met Lev Kopelev, upon whom he based the character of Lev Rubin in his book The First Circle, published in the West in 1968. In 1950, he was sent to a Special Camp for political prisoners. During his imprisonment at the camp in the town of Ekibastuz in Kazakhstan, he worked as a miner, bricklayer and foundry foreman. His experiences at Ekibastuz formed the basis for the book One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. While there he had a tumor removed, although his cancer was not then diagnosed. Solzhenitsyn reenacts being searched in the Gulag, 1953 Solzhenitsyn reenacts being searched in the Gulag, 1953 In March of 1953, Solzhenitsyn's sentence was commuted to internal exile for life at Kok-Terek in southern Kazakhstan. His undiagnosed cancer spread, until, by the end of the year, he was close to death. However, in 1954, he was permitted to be treated in a hospital in Tashkent, where his tumor went into remission. These experiences became the basis of his novel Cancer Ward and also found an echo in the short story The right hand. It was during this decade of imprisonment and exile that Solzhenitsyn abandoned Marxism and developed the philosophical and religious positions of his later life; this turn has some interesting parallels to Dostoevsky's time in Siberia and his quest for faith a hundred years earlier. Solzhenitsyn gradually turned into a philosophically-minded man in prison. He repented for what he did as a Red Army captain and in prison compared himself with the perpetrators of the Gulag: I remember myself in my captain's shoulder boards and the forward march of my battery through East Prussia, enshrouded in fire, and I say: 'So were we any better?' His transformation is described at some length in the fourth part of The Gulag Archipelago The Soul and Barbed Wire. During his years of exile, and following his reprieve and return to European Russia, Solzhenitsyn was, while teaching at a secondary school during the day, spending his nights secretly engaged in writing. In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech he wrote, during all the years until 1961, not only was I convinced I should never see a single line of mine in print in my lifetime, but, also, I scarcely dared allow any of my close acquaintances to read anything I had written because I feared this would become known.14 Finally, when he was 42 years old, he approached Alexander Tvardovsky, a poet and the chief or of the Noviy Mir magazine and a politburo member, with the manuscript of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. It was published in ed form in 1962, with the explicit approval of Nikita Khrushchev, who defended it and declared at the presidium of the Politburo hearing on whether to allow its publishing, There's a Stalinist in each of you; there's even a Stalinist in me. We must root out this evil. The book became an instant hit and sold-out everywhere. During Khruschev's tenure, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich was studied in schools in the Soviet Union and three more novellas of Solzhenitsyn's were published in 1963. These would be the last of his works published in the Soviet Union until 1990. One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich brought the Soviet system of prison labour to the attention of the West. It caused as much a sensation in the Soviet Union as it did the West-not only by its striking realism and candour, but also because it was the first major piece of Soviet literature since the twenties on a politically charged theme, written by a non-party member, even by a man who had been to Siberia for libelous speech about the leaders, and still it had not been censored. In this sense, the publication of Solzhenitsyn's story was an almost unheard of instance of free, unrestrained discussion of politics through literature. Most Soviet readers realized this, but after Khrushchev had been ousted from power in 1964, the time for such raw exposing works came quietly, but perceptibly, to a close. Solzhenitsyn did not give in but tried, with the help of Tvardovsky, to get his novel, The Cancer Ward, legally published in the Soviet Union. This had to get the approval of the Union of Writers, and though some there appreciated it, the work ultimately was denied publication unless it were to be revised and cleaned of suspect statements and anti-Soviet insinuations this episode is recounted and documented in The Oak and the Calf. The publishing of his work quickly stopped; as a writer, he became a non-person, and, by 1965, the KGB had seized some of his papers, including the manuscript of The First Circle. Meanwhile Solzhenitsyn continued to secretly and feverishly work upon the most subversive of all his writings, the monumental Gulag Archipelago. The seizing of his novel manuscript first made him desperate and frightened, but gradually he realized it had set him free from the pretences and trappings of being an officially acclaimed writer, something which had come close to second nature, but which was getting increasingly irrelevant the circumstances of how he actually survived in this period, without any income from his books, are obscure; he had quit his teaching post when he broke through as a writer. In 1970, Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. He could not receive the prize personally in Stockholm at that time, since he was afraid he would not be let back into the Soviet Union. Instead, it was suggested he should receive the prize in a special ceremony at the Swedish embassy in Moscow. The Swedish government refused to accept this solution, since such a ceremony and the ensuing media coverage might upset the Soviet Union and damage Sweden's relations with the superpower. Instead, Solzhenitsyn received his prize at the 1974 ceremony after he had been deported from the Soviet Union. The Gulag Archipelago was a three-volume work on the Soviet prison camp system. It was based upon Solzhenitsyn's own experience as well as the testimony of 227 former prisoners and Solzhenitsyn's own research into the history of the penal system. It discussed the system's origins from the very founding of the Communist regime, with Lenin himself having responsibility, detailing interrogation procedures, prisoner transports, prison camp culture, prisoner uprisings and revolts, and the practice of internal exile. The appearance of the book in the West put the word gulag into the Western political vocabulary and guaranteed swift retribution from the Soviet authorities. In the West During this period, he was sheltered by the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, who suffered considerably for his support of Solzhenitsyn and was eventually forced into exile himself. On February 13, 1974, Solzhenitsyn was deported from the Soviet Union to Frankfurt, West Germany and stripped of his Soviet citizenship. The KGB had found the manuscript for the first part of The Gulag Archipelago and, less than a week later, Yevgeny Yevtushenko suffered reprisals for his support of Solzhenitsyn. In Germany, Solzhenitsyn lived in Heinrich Böll's house in Cologne. He then moved to Zurich ,Switzerland before Stanford University invited him to stay in the United States to facilitate your work, and to accommodate you and your family. He stayed on the 11th floor of the Hoover Tower, part of the Hoover Institution, before moving to Cavendish, Vermont in 1976. He was given an honorary Literary Degree from Harvard University in 1978 and on Thursday, June 8, 1978 he gave his Commencement Address condemning modern western culture. Over the next 17 years, Solzhenitsyn worked on his cyclical history of the Russian Revolution of 1917, The Red Wheel. By 1992, four knots parts had been completed and he had also written several shorter works. Despite an enthusiastic welcome on his first arrival in America, followed by respect for his privacy, he had never been comfortable outside his homeland.citation needed Despite spending two decades in the United States, Solzhenitsyn did not become fluent in spoken English. He had, however, been reading English-language literature since his teens, encouraged by his mothercitation needed. More important, he resented the idea of becoming a media star and of tempering his ideas or ways of talking in order to suit television. Solzhenitsyn's warnings about the dangers of Communist aggression and the weakening of the moral fiber of the West were generally well received in Western conservative circles, alongside the tougher foreign policy pursued by U.S. President Ronald Reagan. At the same time, liberals and secularists became increasingly critical of what they perceived as his reactionary preference for Russian patriotism and the Russian Orthodox religion. Solzhenitsyn also harshly criticised what he saw as the ugliness and spiritual vapidity of the dominant pop culture of the modern West, including television and rock music: ...the human soul longs for things higher, warmer, and purer than those offered by today's mass living habits ... by TV stupor and by intolerable music. Return to Russia Solzhenitsyn boards a train in Vladivostok after returning to Russia from exile. Photo by Mikhail Evstafiev Solzhenitsyn boards a train in Vladivostok after returning to Russia from exile. Photo by Mikhail Evstafiev In 1990, his Soviet citizenship was restored, and, in 1994, he returned to Russia with his wife, Natalia, who had become a United States citizen. Their sons stayed behind in the United States later, his oldest son Yermolai returned to Russia to work for the Moscow office of a leading management consultancy firm. From then until his death, he lived with his wife in a dacha in Troitse-Lykovo Троице-Лыково in west Moscow between the dachas once occupied by Soviet leaders Mikhail Suslov and Konstantin Chernenko. The writer, however, deplored what he considered Russia's spiritual decline, increasingly adopting Western materialistic values, but in the last years of his life he praised President Vladimir Putin for Russia's revival. After returning to Russia in 1994, Solzhenitsyn published eight two-part short stories, a series of contemplative miniatures or prose poems, a literary memoir on his years in the West The Grain Between the Millstones. Accusations of Antisemitism Solzhenitsyn also published a two-volume work on the history of Russian-Jewish relations Two Hundred Years Together 2001, 2002. In it, Solzhenitsyn emphatically lays the blame for the Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917 on the Jews, but stops short of alleging this to be the work of a Jewish conspiracy 15. He purports to document the predominance of Jews in the early Bolshevik leaderships, excepting Lenin, using unreliable and manipulated figures, while ignoring evidence unfavorable to his own point of view. He also accuses the Jews of wartime cowardice, and evasion of active duty. At the same time, he calls on both Russians and Jews to come to terms with the members of their peoples who acted in complicity with the Communist regime. The reception of this work confirms Solzhenitsyn remains a polarizing figure both at home and abroad. According to his critics, the book confirmed Solzhenitsyn's anti-Semitic views as well as his ideas of Russian supremacy over other nations. Professor Robert Service of Oxford University has defended Solzhenitsyn as absolutely right, noting that Trotsky himself claimed Jews were disproportionately represented in the early Soviet bureaucracy.16 An important critique of Solzhnitsyn's position that debunked the majority of his claims was published by the Northwestern University historian Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern17. Another Russian dissident writer, Vladimir Voinovich, wrote a polemical study A Portrait Against the Background of a Myth Портрет на фоне мифа, 2002., in which he paints Solzhenitsyn's egoism, anti-Semitism, and poor writing craftsmanship. Voinovich had previously parodied Solzhenitsyn in his novel Moscow 2042 through the self-centered egomaniac character, Sim Simych Karnavalov, an extreme and brutal dictatorial writer who tries to destroy the Soviet Union and, eventually, to become the king of Russia. Using a more circuitous line of argument, Joseph Brodsky, in his essay Catastrophes in the Air in Less than One, argued that Solzhenitsyn, while a hero in showing up the brutalities of Soviet Communism, failed to discern that the historical crimes he unearthed might be the outcome of authoritarian traits that were really part of the heritage of Old Russia and of the severe spirit of Orthodoxy venerated by Solzhenitsyn and much less due to the more recent Marxist political ideology. Other works In his recent political writings, such as Rebuilding Russia 1990 and Russia in Collapse 1998, Solzhenitsyn criticized the oligarchic excesses of the new Russian 'democracy,' while opposing any nostalgia for Soviet communism. He defended moderate and self-critical patriotism as opposed to extreme nationalism, argued for the indispensability of local self-government to a free Russia, and expressed concerns for the fate of the 25 million ethnic Russians in the near abroad of the former Soviet Union. He also sought to protect the national character of the Russian Orthodox church and fought against the admission of Catholic priests and Protestant pastors to Russia from other countries. For a brief period, he had his own TV show, where he freely expressed his views. The show was cancelled because of low ratings, but Solzhenitsyn continued to maintain a relatively high profile in the media. All of Solzhenitsyn's sons became U.S. citizens. One, Ignat, has achieved acclaim as a pianist and conductor in the United States. Death Solzhenitsyn died of heart failure near Moscow on August 3, 2008, at age 89.1819 A burial service was held at Donskoy Monastery, Moscow, on Wednesday, August 6, 2008.20 He was buried on the same date at the place chosen by him at Donskoye graveyard.21 Russian and world leaders paid tribute to Solzhenitsyn following his death.22 Legacy The most complete 30-volume ion of Solzhenitsyn's collected works is soon to be published in Russia. The presentation of its first three volumes, already in print, recently took place in Moscow. On June 5, 2007 then Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree conferring on Solzhenitsyn the State Prize of the Russian Federation for his humanitarian work. Putin personally visited the writer at his home on June 12, 2007 to present him with the award. Like his father, Yermolai Solzhenitsyn is an author and has translated some of his father's works. Stephan Solzhenitsyn is an urban planner in New York. Ignat Solzhenitsyn is the music director of The Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia. Historical and political views Historical views During his years in the west, Solzhenitsyn was very active in the historical debate, discussing the history of Russia, the Soviet Union and communism. He tried to correct what he considered to be western misconceptions. The West Delivering the commencement address at Harvard in 1978, he called the country spiritually weak and mired in vulgar materialism. Americans, he said, speaking in Russian through a translator, suffered from a decline in courage and a lack of manliness. Few were willing to die for their ideals, he said. He condemned both the United States government and American society for its hasty capitulation in Vietnam. He criticized the country's music as intolerable and attacked its unfettered press, accusing it of violations of privacy. He said that the West erred in measuring other civilizations by its own model. While faulting Soviet society for denying fair legal treatment of people, he also faulted the West for being too legalistic: A society which is based on the letter of the law and never reaches any higher is taking very scarce advantage of the high level of human possibilities.23 Shortly after his death, professor Richard Pipes wrote of him: Solzhenitsyn blamed the evils of Soviet communism on the West. He rightly stressed the European origins of Marxism, but he never asked himself why Marxism in other European countries led not to the gulag but to the welfare state. He reacted with white fury to any suggestion that the roots of Leninism and Stalinism could be found in Russia's past. His knowledge of Russian history was very superficial and laced with a romantic sentimentalism. While accusing the West of imperialism, he seemed quite unaware of the extraordinary expansion of his own country into regions inhabited by non-Russians. He also denied that Imperial Russia practiced censorship or condemned political prisoners to hard labor, which, of course, was absurd.24 While alive, Solzhenitsyn accused Pipes, who is of Jewish Polish descent, of advancing the Polish version of Russian history. Russian culture In his 1978 Harvard address, Solzhenitsyn argued over Russian culture, that the West erred in denying its autonomous character and therefore never understood it 25 Communism, Russia and nationalism It is a popular view that the October revolution of 1917 resulting in a violent totalitarian regime was closely connected to Russia's earlier history of tsarism and culture, especially that of Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great.26 Solzhenitsyn claims this is fundamentally wrong and famously denounced the work of Richard Pipes as the Polish version of Russian history. Solzhenitsyn argues Tsarist Russia did not have the same violent tendencies as the Soviet Union. For instance, in Solzhenitsyn's view, Imperial Russia did not practise censorship while it in fact didcitation needed; political prisoners were not forced into labour camps although punitive labor katorga system of prerevolutionary Russia was similarcitation needed and the number of political prisoners was only one ten-thousandth of those in the Soviet Union; the Tsar's secret service was only present in the three largest cities, and not at all in the army. The violence of the Communist regime in Solzhenitsyn view was in no way comparable to the violence of the Tsarist regime. He considered it far-fetched to blame the catastrophes of the 20th century on one 16th century and one 18th century czar, when there were many other examples of violence which could have inspired the Bolshevik in other countries earlier in time, especially mentioning similarities with the Jacobins of the Reign of Terror of France. Instead of blaming Russian conditions, he blamed the teachings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, arguing Marxism itself is violent. His conclusion is Communism will always be totalitarian and violent, wherever it is practiced. There was nothing special in the Russian conditions which affected the outcome. He also criticized the view that the Soviet Union was Russian in any way. He argued Communism was international and only cared for nationalism as a tool to use when getting into power, or for fooling the people. Once in power, Communism tried to wipe clean every nation, destroying its culture and oppressing its people. According to Solzhenitsyn, the Russian culture and people were not the ruling national culture in the Soviet Union. In fact, there was no ruling national culture. All national cultures were oppressed in favour of an atheistic Soviet culture. In Solzhenitsyn's opinion, Russian culture was even more oppressed than the smaller minority cultures, since the regime was more afraid of ethnic uprisings among Russians than among other peoples. Therefore, Solzhenitsyn argued, Russian nationalism and the Orthodox Church should not be regarded as a threat by the West but rather as allies.27 In 1994, Solzhenitsyn said that many American politicians and publicists are frozen in a mode of thought they developed a long time ago. With unchanging blindness and stubbornness they keep repeating and repeating this theory about the supposed age-old aggressiveness of Russia, without taking into consideration today's reality. Solzhenitsyn said that for every country, great power status deforms and harms the national character and that he has never wished great power status for Russia. He rejected the view that the USA and Russia are natural rivals, saying that before the Russian revolution, they were natural allies and that during the American Civil War, Russia supported Lincoln and the North in contrast to Britain and France, which supported the Confederacy, and then they were allies in the First World War. But beginning with communism, Russia ceased to exist and the confrontation was not at all with Russia but with the communist U.S.S.R. World War II Main article: World War II Solzhenitsyn criticized the Allies for not opening a new front against Nazi Germany in the west earlier in World War II. This resulted in Soviet domination and oppression of the nations of Eastern Europe. Solzhenitsyn claimed the western democracies apparently cared little about how many died in the east, as long as they could end the war quickly and painlessly for themselves in the west. While stationed in East Prussia as an artillery officer, Solzhenitsyn witnessed war crimes against the civilian German population by Soviet liberators as the elderly were robbed of their meager possessions and women were gang-raped to death. He wrote a poem, Prussian Nights, about these incidents in which the first-person narrator seems to wholeheartedly approve of these crimes, expressing his desire to take part in the plunder himself. The poem describes the rape of a Polish woman whom the Red Army soldiers mistakenly thought to be a German.28 Stalinism Main article: Stalinism He also rejected the view Stalin created the totalitarian state, while Lenin and Trotsky had been true communist. He argued Lenin started the mass executions, wrecked the economy, founded the Cheka which would later be turned into the KGB, and started the Gulag even though it did not have the same name at that time. Mikhail Sholokhov Main article: Mikhail Sholokhov Solzhenitsyn was the most prominent of the Nobel Laureate Mikhail Sholokhov's detractors. He believed that the work which made Sholokhov's international reputation, And Quiet Flows the Don was written by Fyodor Kryukov, a Cossack and Anti-Bolshevik, who died in 1920. According to Solzhenitsyn, Sholokhov found the manuscript and published it under his own name. The controversy raged for years, until the discovery of the Sholokhov's archive that conclusively proved that Solzhenitsyn slandered Sholokhov. The Sino-Soviet Conflict Main article: Sino-Soviet split In 1973, near the height of the Sino-Soviet conflict, Solzhenitsyn sent a Letter to the Soviet Leaders to a limited number of upper echelon Soviet officials. This work, which was published for the general public in the Western world a year after it was sent to its intended audience, beseeched the Soviet Union's authorities to Give them their ideology! Let the Chinese leaders glory in it for a while. And for that matter, let them shoulder the whole sackful of unfulfillable international obligations, let them grunt and heave and instruct humanity, and foot all the bills for their absurd economics a million a day just to Cuba, and let them support terrorists and guerrillas in the Southern Hemisphere too if they like. The main source of the savage feuding between us will then melt away, a great many points of today's contention and conflict all over the world will also melt away, and a military clash will become a much remoter possibility and perhaps won't take place at all author's emphasis.29 Vietnam war Main article: Vietnam war In his commencement address at Harvard University in 1978 A World Split Apart, Solzhenitsyn alleged that many in the U.S. did not understand the Vietnam War. He rhetorically asks if the American antiwar proponents now realize the effects their actions had on Vietnam: But members of the U.S. antiwar movement wound up being involved in the betrayal of Far Eastern nations, in a genocide and in the suffering today imposed on 30 million people there. Do those convinced pacifists hear the moans coming from there?30 During his time in the West, Solzhenitsyn made a few controversial public statements: notably, he characterized Daniel Ellsberg as a traitor. Kosovo War Main article: Kosovo War Solzhenitsyn strongly condemned the bombing of Yugoslavia, saying there is no difference whatsoever between NATO and Hitler.31 Holodomor as a genocide Main article: Holodomor Solzhenitsyn said that Ukrainian efforts to have the 1930s famine recognised as a Russian genocide against Ukraine is an act of historical revisionism. In an interview with the newspaper Izvestia, he explained that the famine was caused by the corrupt ideals of the Communist regime, under which all suffered equally. It was not an assault by the Russian people against the people of Ukraine, and that the wish to view it as such is only a recent development.32 This provocative outcry of genocide was voiced only decades later. At first, it thrived secretly in the stale chauvinist minds opposing the bloody Russians. Now it has got hold of political minds in modern Ukraine. It seems they've surpassed the wild suggestions of the Bolshevik propaganda machine. To the parliaments of the world - a nice teaser for the Western ears. They have never cared about our history. All they need is a fable, no matter how loony it appears. Western culture Main article: Western World ...there also exists another alliance - at first glance a strange one, a surprising one-but if you think about it, in fact, one which is well - grounded and easy to understand. This is the alliance between our Communist leaders and your capitalists. This alliance is not new. The very famous Armand Hammer, who is flourishing here today, laid the basis for this when he made the first exploratory trip into Russia, still in Lenin's time, in the very first years of the Revolution. And if today the Soviet Union has powerful military and police forces-in a country which is by contemporary standards poor-they are used to crush our movement for freedom in the Soviet Union-and we have western capital to thank for this also. Testimony to the U.S. Congress, July 8 1975.33 Until I came to the West myself and spent two years looking around, I could never have imagined to what an extreme degree the West had actually become a world without a will, a world gradually petrifying in the face of the danger confronting it...All of us are standing on the brink of a great historical cataclysm, a flood that swallows up civilization and changes whole epochs. Modern world He described the problems of both East and West as a disaster rooted in agnosticism and atheism. He referred to it as the calamity of an autonomous, irreligious humanistic consciousness. It has made man the measure of all things on earth-imperfect man, who is never free of pride, self-interest, envy, vanity, and dozens of other defects. We are now paying for the mistakes which were not properly appraised at the beginning of the journey. On the way from the Renaissance to our days we have enriched our experience, but we have lost the concept of a Supreme Complete Entity which used to restrain our passions and our irresponsibility.34 Published works and speeches Main article: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn bibliography One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 1962; novella An Incident at Krechetovka Station 1963; novella Matryona's Place 1963; novella For the Good of the Cause 1964; novella The First Circle 1968; novel Cancer Ward 1968; novel The Love-Girl and the Innocent 1969; play, aka The Prisoner and the Camp Hooker or The Tenderfoot and the Tart. Nobel Prize delivered speech 1970The speech was delivered to the Swedish Academy in writing and not actually given as a lecture. August 1914 1971. The beginning of a history of the birth of the USSR in an historical novel. The novel centers on the disastrous loss in the Battle of Tannenberg 1914 in August, 1914, and the ineptitude of the military leadership. Other works, similarly titled, follow the story: see The Red Wheel overall title. The Gulag Archipelago three volumes 1973-1978, not a memoir, but a history of the entire process of developing and administering a police state in the Soviet Union. Prussian Nights Finished in 1951, first published in 1974; poetry Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's speech at the Nobel Banquet at the City Hall in Stockholm, December 10, 1974 Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, A Letter to the Soviet leaders, Collins: Harvill Press 1974, ISBN 0-06-013913-7 The Oak and the Calf 1975 Lenin in Zürich 1976; separate publication of chapters on Lenin, none of them published before this point, from The Red Wheel. They were later incorporated into the 1984 ion of the expanded August, 1914. Warning to the West 1976; 5 speeches translated to English, 3 to the Americans in 1975 and 2 to the British in 1976 Harvard Commencement Address 1978 link The Mortal Danger: Misconceptions about Soviet Russia and the Threat to America 1980 Pluralists 1983; political pamphlet November 1916 1983; novel Victory Celebration 1983 Prisoners 1983 Godlessness, the First Step to the Gulag. Templeton Prize Address, London, May 10 1983 August 1914 1984; novel, much-expanded ion Rebuilding Russia 1990 March 1917 1990 April 1917 The Russian Question 1995 Invisible Allies 1997 Russia under Avalanche РоÑ?Ñ?иÑ? в обвале,1998; political pamphlet Complete text in Russian Two Hundred Years Together 2003 on Russian-Jewish relations since 1772, aroused ambiguous public response. 35, 36, 37 See also Alexander Dolgun Alexander Galich Mask of Sorrow Mikhail Sholokhov References Notes ^ See inogolo:pronunciation of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. ^ Ð’ МоÑ?кве Ñ?кончалÑ?Ñ? Ð?лекÑ?андр Солженицын, Gazeta.ru Russian ^ There were conflicting announcements as to the cause of death. One of his sons announced it was heart failure, while the commercial Russian news agency Interfax announced stroke. Guardian, 3 Aug 2008 ^ McCauley, Martin. Who's who in Russia Since 1900, p.95. Routledge, 1997, ISBN 0415138981. ^ O'Neil, Patrick M. Great world writers: twentieth century, p.1400. Marshall Cavendish, 2004, ISBN 0761474781. ^ Scammell 1986, p. 25-59. ^ Terras, Victor. Handbook of Russian Literature, p.436. Yale University Press, 1985, ISBN 0300048688. ^ Cook, Bernard A. Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, p.1161. Taylor Francis, 2001, ISBN 0815340583. ^ Aikman, David. Great Souls: Six Who Changed a Century, p.172-3. Lexington Books, 2003, ISBN 0739104381. ^ Current Biography, 1969. ^ Moody, C. Solzhenitsyn, 1973, p.6. ISBN 0-05-002600-3 ^ Scammell 1986, p. 152-154. Björkegren 1973, Introduction. ^ Moody, p. 7. ^ Nobel Prize in Literature ^ http://www.newcanada.com/211/211-08-solzhenitzin.htm ^ Walsh, Nick Paton 2003-01-05. Solzhenitsyn breaks last taboo of the revolution, The Guardian. ^ http://ldn-knigi.lib.ru/JUDAICA/Stern200.htm ^ Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Is Dead at 89, Associated Press in New York Times August 3, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-08-03. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, the Nobel Prize-winning author whose books chronicled the horrors of the Soviet gulag system, has died of heart failure, his son said Monday. He was 89. Stepan Solzhenitsyn told The Associated Press his father died late Sunday of heart failure, but declined further comment. ^ Alexander Solzhenitsyn dies at 89, BBC News 2008-08-03. Retrieved on 2008-08-03. ^ Russia to pay tribute to Solzhenitsyn, RIA Novosti 2008-08-04. Retrieved on 2008-08-05. ^ Solzhenitsyn is buried in Moscow, BBC 2008-08-06. Retrieved on 2008-08-06. ^ Russia to pay tribute to Solzhenitsyn. RIA Novosti. Retrieved on 2008-08-06. ^ Harvard Class Day Exercises, June 8, 1978, A World Split Apart, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/solzhenitsyn/harvard1978.html or http://www.nationalreview.com/document/document060603.asp ^ Solzhenitsyn's Troubled Prophetic Mission by Richard Pipes The Moscow Times August 7, 2008; Solzhenitsyn's Troubled Prophetic Mission The St. Petersburg Times August 8, 2008. ^ Harvard Class Day Exercises, June 8, 1978, A World Split Apart, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/solzhenitsyn/harvard1978.html or http://www.nationalreview.com/document/document060603.asp ^ Joseph Brodsky Catastrophes in the Air in Less than One ^ For Solzhenitsyn's connections with Russian nationalism, see e.g. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Russian Nationalism by David G. Rowley in Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 32, No. 3 Jul., 1997, pp. 321-337 ^ Norman Davies, God's Playground. A History of Poland Columbia University Press,1982. vol.II. ^ Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. Letter to the Soviet Leaders. Harper Row, NY. p.18 ^ http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/alexandersolzhenitsynharvard.htm ^ Solzhenitsyn compares NATO to Hitler ^ Nobel winner accuses Ukrainian authorities of 'historical revisionism' Russia Today Retrieved on April 10, 2008 ^ Congressional Record, Proceedings of the 94th Congress, Volume 121, Part 17, July 8 -14, 1975, pp. 21453. ^ http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/solzhenitsyn/harvard1978.html ^ Solzhenitsyn New Book, Soviet Repression, Jews - Johnson's Russia List 1-25-03 ^ 1 ^ Lydia Chukovskaya - Interview with Solzhentisyn about 200 Years Together Biblography Björkegren, Hans, and Kaarina Eneberg Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, Henley-on-Thames: Aiden Ellis, 1973. ISBN 0-85628-005-4. Daprà Veronika: A.I. Solzhenitsyn: The Political Writings. Università degli Studi di Venezia, 1991; Prof.Vittorio Strada, Dott.Julija Dobrovol'skaja; Guardian London. 3 August 2008. 2 Scammell, Michael Solzhenitsyn: A Biography. London: Paladin, 1986. ISBN 0-586-08538-6. External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Wikinews has related news: Russian novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn dies aged 89 The Nobel Prize in Literature 1970 The Nobel Prize Internet Archive's page on Solzhenitsyn A World Split Apart: Solzhenitsyn's 1978 Commencement Address to the graduating class at Harvard University Audio and textual version of speech Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: Saving the Nation Is the Utmost Priority for the State Moscow News 2.05.2006 Der Spiegel interviews Alexander Solzhenitsyn: 'I Am Not Afraid of Death' Der Spiegel July 23, 2007 Vermont Recluse Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Solzhenitsyn's autobiography from his non-official site The introduction to the Book Gulag by Anne Applebaum Russian Memorial website to Human Rights victims Russian Solzhenitsyn: biography, photos, prose, interviews, critical essays Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn - Obituary and public tribute The Solzhenitsyn Reader: New and Essential Writings, 1947-2005 Alexander Solzhenitsyn's Profile Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn at the Internet Book List v d e Nobel Laureates in Literature Pär Lagerkvist 1951 · François Mauriac 1952 · Winston Churchill 1953 · Ernest Hemingway 1954 · Halldór Laxness 1955 · Juan Ramón Jiménez 1956 · Albert Camus 1957 · Boris Pasternak 1958 · Salvatore Quasimodo 1959 · Saint-John Perse 1960 · Ivo Andrić 1961 · John Steinbeck 1962 · Giorgos Seferis 1963 · Jean-Paul Sartre 1964 · Michail Sholokhov 1965 · Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs 1966 · Miguel Ã?ngel Asturias 1967 · Yasunari Kawabata 1968 · Samuel Beckett 1969 · Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1970 · Pablo Neruda 1971 · Heinrich Böll 1972 · Patrick White 1973 · Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson 1974 · Eugenio Montale 1975 Complete roster · 1901-1925 · 1926-1950 · 1951-1975 · 1976-2000 · 2001-present Persondata NAME Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr ALTERNATIVE NAMES Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich; Ð?лекÑ?аÌ?ндр ИÑ?аÌ?евич СолжениÌ?цын Russian SHORT DESCRIPTION Russian novelist, dramatist and historian DATE OF BIRTH December 11, 1918 PLACE OF BIRTH Kislovodsk, Russia DATE OF DEATH August 3, 2008 PLACE OF DEATH Moscow, Russia Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn Categories: Recent deaths | 1918 births | 2008 deaths | Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn | Deaths from cardiovascular disease | Converts to Eastern Orthodox Christianity | Foundrymen | Humanitarians | Nobel laureates in Literature | Prison writings | Russian anti-communists | Russian expatriates in the United States | Russian Nobel laureates | Laureates of State Prize of the Russian Federation | Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences | Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts | Russian novelists | Russian-American writers | Russian Eastern Orthodox Christians | Russian Orthodox Christians | Sharashka inmates | Soviet dissidents | Soviet expellees | Soviet miners | Templeton Prize laureates | Cossacks | Russian victims of Soviet repressions | Russian prisoners and detainees | Soviet prisoners and detainees | Former atheists and agnosticsHidden categories: Current events as of August 2008 | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages አማáˆáŠ› العربية БеларуÑ?каÑ? тарашкевіца Bosanski Brezhoneg БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français Gaeilge Gà idhlig Galego í•œêµì–´ Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית ქáƒ?რთული Kiswahili Kurdî / كوردی Latina LatvieÅ¡u Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sicilianu Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Åšlůnski СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழà¯? Tiếng Việt Тоҷикӣ Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька 粵語 ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 15 August 2008, at 16:55
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