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16-September-2008 16:15:09 - Development Index January 2008 This article is about the Human Development Index HDI. For other uses of HDI, see HDI. World map indicating Human Development Index 2007 0.950 and over 0.900-0.949 0.850-0.899 0.800-0.849 0.750-0.799 0.700-0.749 0.650-0.699 0.600-0.649 0.550-0.599 0.500-0.549 0.450-0.499 0.400-0.449 0.350-0.399 under 0.350 not available Color-blind compliant map For red-green color vision problems. World map indicating Human Development Index 2007 0.950 and over 0.900-0.949 0.850-0.899 0.800-0.849 0.750-0.799 0.700-0.749 0.650-0.699 0.600-0.649 0.550-0.599 0.500-0.549 0.450-0.499 0.400-0.449 0.350-0.399 under 0.350 not available Color-blind compliant map For red-green color vision problems. The Human Development Index HDI is an index combining normalized measures of life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, and GDP per capita for countries worldwide. It is claimed as a standard means of measuring human development - a concept that, according to the United Nations Development Program UNDP, refers to the process of widening the options of persons, giving them greater opportunities for education, health care, income, employment, etc. The basic use of HDI is to rank countries by level of human development, which usually also implies to determine whether a country is a developed, developing, or underdeveloped country. High income Upper-middle income Lower-middle income Low income High income Upper-middle income Lower-middle income Low income The index was developed in 1990 by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Sir Richard Jolly, with help from Gustav Ranis of Yale University and Lord Meghnad Desai of the London School of Economics. It has been used since then by UNDP in its annual Human Development Report. It is claimed that ideas of Indian Nobel prize winner Amartya Sen were influential in the development of the HDI. But Sen described it as a vulgar measure, because of its limitations, though accepting that it nonetheless focuses attention on wider aspects of development than the per-capita income measure it supplanted. Nowadays the HDI is a pathway for researchers into the wide variety of more detailed measures contained in the Human Development Reports. The HDI combines three basic dimensions: Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate with two-thirds weighting and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio with one-third weighting. Standard of living, as measured by the natural logarithm of gross domestic product GDP per capita at purchasing power parity PPP in United States dollars. From the time it was created, the HDI has been criticized as a redundant measure that adds little to the value of the individual measures composing it; as a means to provide legitimacy to arbitrary weightings of a few aspects of social development; and as a number producing a relative ranking which is useless for inter-temporal comparisons, and difficult to interpret because the HDI for a country in a given year depends on the levels of, say, life expectancy or GDP per capita of other countries in that year.1234 However, each year, UN member states are listed and ranked according to the computed HDI. If high, the rank in the list can be easily used as a means of national aggrandizement; alternatively, if low, it can be used to highlight national insufficiencies. Using the HDI as an absolute index of social welfare, some authors have used panel HDI data to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life.5 An alternative measure, focusing on the amount of poverty in a country, is the Human Poverty Index. Contents 1 Methodology 1.1 Examples 2 2007 report 2.1 Countries not included 3 Past top countries 4 References 5 See also 6 External links Methodology HDI trends between 1975 and 2004 OECD Central and eastern Europe, and the CIS Latin America and the Caribbean East Asia Arab States South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa HDI trends between 1975 and 2004 OECD Central and eastern Europe, and the CIS Latin America and the Caribbean East Asia Arab States South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa In general to transform a raw variable, say x, into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 which allows different indices to be added together, the following formula is used: x-index = \fracx - \min\leftx\right \max\leftx\right-\min\leftx\right where \min\leftx\right and \max\leftx\right are the lowest and highest values the variable x can attain, respectively. The Human Development Index HDI then represents the average of the following three general indices: Life Expectancy Index = \fracLE - 25 85-25 Education Index = \frac2 3 \times ALR + \frac1 3 \times ER Adult Literacy Index ALI = \fracALR - 0 100 - 0 Gross Enrollment Index EI = \fracER - 0 100 - 0 GDP Index = \frac\log\leftGDPpc\right - \log\left100\right \log\left40000\right - \log\left100\right LE: Life expectancy at birth ALR: Adult literacy rate ages 15 and older CGER: Combined gross enrollment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary schools GDPpc: GDP per capita at PPP in USD UNDP has created a technical note on the definition of the HDI see links below. Examples Calculation examples of the indices. Index Measure Minimum value Maximum value Formula Longevity Life expectancy at birth LE 25 yrs 85 yrs L = \frac\mathrmLE-2560 Education Literacy rate LR 0% 100% E = \frac2\mathrmLR + \mathrmCGER3 Combined gross enrollment ratio CGER 0% 100% GDP GDP per capita PPP 100 USD 40,000 USD G = \frac\log_10\mathrmGDPpc-22\mathrm.60206 HDI Total human development index 0.000 1.000 HDI = \fracL + E + G3 2007 report Main article: List of countries by Human Development Index The report for 2007 was launched in Brasilia, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world. 1 Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics. The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries. A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent low development. All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the medium development group. A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent high development. This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the medium development group: Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, FYROM, Russia and Saudi Arabia. On the following table, green arrows â–² represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows â–¼ represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes â–¬ represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study. Flag of Iceland Iceland 0.968 â–² 1 Flag of Norway Norway 0.968 â–¼ 1 Flag of Australia Australia 0.962 â–¬ Flag of Canada Canada 0.961 â–² 2 Flag of Ireland Ireland 0.959 â–¼ 1 Flag of Sweden Sweden 0.956 â–¼ 1 Flag of Switzerland Switzerland 0.955 â–² 2 Flag of Japan Japan 0.953 â–¼ 1 Flag of the Netherlands Netherlands 0.953 â–² 1 Flag of France France 0.952 â–² 6 Flag of Finland Finland 0.952 â–¬ Flag of the United States United States 0.951 â–¼ 4 Flag of Spain Spain 0.949 â–² 6 Flag of Denmark Denmark 0.949 â–² 1 Flag of Austria Austria 0.948 â–¼ 1 Flag of Belgium Belgium 0.946 â–¼ 4 Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom 0.946 â–² 1 Flag of Luxembourg Luxembourg 0.944 â–¼ 6 Flag of New Zealand New Zealand 0.943 â–² 1 Flag of Italy Italy 0.941 â–¼ 3 Flag of Hong Kong Hong Kong 0.937 â–² 1 Flag of Germany Germany 0.935 â–¼ 1 Flag of Israel Israel 0.932 â–¬ Flag of Greece Greece 0.926 â–¬ Flag of Singapore Singapore 0.922 â–¬ Flag of South Korea South Korea 0.921 â–¬ Flag of Slovenia Slovenia 0.917 â–¬ Flag of Cyprus Cyprus 0.903 â–² 1 Flag of Portugal Portugal 0.897 â–¼ 1 Flag of Brunei Brunei 0.894 â–² 4 Countries not included The following United Nations member states are not ranked in the 2007 Human Development Index, for being unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Asia Flag of North Korea North Korea Flag of the Philippines Philippines Europe Flag of Andorra Andorra Flag of Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Flag of Monaco Monaco Flag of Montenegro Montenegro Flag of San Marino San Marino Flag of Serbia Serbia Australia and Oceania Flag of Kiribati Kiribati Flag of the Marshall Islands Marshall Islands1AAS Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia FS Micronesia Flag of Nauru Nauru Flag of Palau Palau Flag of Tuvalu Tuvalu IANDA Past top countries The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the index. Canada has been ranked the highest ten times, followed by Norway at six times. Japan has been ranked highest twice with Switzerland and Iceland both placed at the top once. 2007 - Flag of Iceland Iceland 2006 - Flag of Norway Norway 2005 - Flag of Norway Norway 2004 - Flag of Norway Norway 2003 - Flag of Norway Norway 2002 - Flag of Norway Norway 2001 - Flag of Norway Norway 2000 - Flag of Canada Canada 1999 - Flag of Canada Canada 1998 - Flag of Canada Canada 1997 - Flag of Canada Canada 1996 - Flag of Canada Canada 1995 - Flag of Canada Canada 1994 - Flag of Canada Canada 1993 - Flag of Japan Japan 1992 - Flag of Canada Canada 1991 - Flag of Japan Japan 1990 - Flag of Canada Canada 1985 - Flag of Canada Canada 1980 - Flag of Switzerland Switzerland References ^ Rao VVB, 1991. Human development report 1990: review and assessment. World Development, Vol 19 No. 10, pp. 1451-1460. ^ McGillivray M. The Human Development Index: Yet Another Redundant Composite Development Indicator? World Development, 1991, vol 18, no. 10:1461-1468. ^ Hopkins M. Human development revisited: A new UNDP report. World Development, 1991. vol 19, no. 10, 1461-1468. ^ Tapia Granados JA. Algunas ideas crÃticas sobre el Ãndice de desarrollo humano. BoletÃn de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, 1995 Vol 119, No. 1, pp. 74-87. ^ Davies, A. and G. Quinlivan 2006, A Panel Data Analysis of the Impact of Trade on Human Development, Journal of Socioeconomics See also v d e Economic classification of countries Developed country · Developing country · Least developed country · High income country · Newly industrialized country · Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Worlds Theory First World · Second World · Third World · Fourth World Lists of countries GDP per capita List of countries by GDP nominal, per capita · List of countries by GDP PPP, per capita, per hour Human Development Index List of countries by Human Development Index Human Poverty Index List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty Literacy rate List of countries by literacy rate Sustainable development portal Democracy Index Freedom House Gini coefficient Gender-related Development Index Gender Empowerment Measure Living Planet Index Gross national happiness Happy Planet Index Physical quality-of-life index Human development humanity World development Globalization and Health American Human Development Report External links Human Development Report Office Human Development Report 2007/2008 - summaryPDF Human Development Report 2007/2008 - completePDF 12.01 MiB Technical note explaining the definition of the HDIPDF 5.54 MiB List of countries by HDI at NationMaster.com Human Development Map v d e Lists of countries with rankings Geography Agriculture Area: forest · water · Border · Coastline · EEZ · Extreme points: highest · lowest · northernmost · southernmost · Freshwater: withdrawal · irrigation · Agricultural output: fish · milk · fruit · banana · apple · tomato · orange · citrus · tobacco · coffee · cacao · tea · wine · sugarcane · maize · rice · wheat · triticale · rye · barley · oat · buckwheat · millet · sorghum · soybean · sunflower · potatoe · sugar beet Demographics Society Population: density · growth · HDI · Life expectancy · Sex ratio · Fertility · Infant mortality · Birth rate · Death rate · Undernourishment · Suicides · Homicides · Gun ownership · Firearm-related deaths · HIV/AIDS · Literacy · Student performance · IQ · English speakers · Labour force · Employment · Unemployment · Income equality · Poverty · Immigrants · Religion · Abortion · Homosexuality · Cannabis: annual use · lifetime use · Cocaine · Opiates · Euthanasia · Death penalty · Prisoners · School leaving age · Legal drinking age · Consumption of: tea · coffee · tobacco · beer · wine · alcohol · Quality-of-life · Happiness · EPI · Biosphere reserves · World Heritage Sites · Tourism: visits · competitiveness GDP Finance Nominal: per capita · past · future · PPP: per capita · per hour · past · future · future per capita · GNI per capita · Growth: per capita · Sector composition · Current account: as % of GDP · Forex reserves · Received FDI · External debt · Public debt · Imports · Exports: per capita · Tax revenue · Exchange rates with USD Energy Industry Energy: consumption · intensity · Electricity: consumption · production · Natural gas: reserves · consumption · production · imports · exports · Oil: reserves · consumption · production · imports · exports · Coal: reserves · production · Uranium: reserves · production · Nuclear power · Renewable energy: hydroelectricity · wind power · Minerals production: bentonite · feldspar · fluorite · mica · asbestos · salt · diamond · Metallurgy: iron · steel · bauxite · Al2O3 · aluminium · bismuth · antimony · cobalt · tungsten · molybdenum · manganese · nickel · tin · copper · gold · zinc · Automobile industry · Shipbuilding · Industrial growth · Greenhouse gas emissions: CO2 · CO2 per capita · GDP per emissions Transport Communication Airports · Railways: usage · Rapid transit · Roadways: vehicles · fatalities · Waterways · Merchant marine · Pipelines · Telephone lines · TV broadcast stations · TV sets · Mobile phones · Internet: broadband · E-readiness Politics Military Freedom: press · economic · Privacy · Corruption · Bribes · Property rights · Ease of business · Competitiveness · Globalization · Democracy · Failed states · Armed forces · Active troops: per capita · Conscription · Defense budget · Aircraft carriers · Nuclear weapons · Arms exports · UN peacekeepers · Global Peace Sports Olympics: medals · hosts · FIFA World Cup: winners · hosts · rankings · Beach soccer · Futsal · Curling: men · women · Ice hockey: men · women · rankings · Field hockey: men · women · Bandy · Cricket: Test · ODI · Basketball: men · women · Handball: men · women · Volleyball · Davis Cup · Fed Cup · Badminton: men · women · Athletics · Figure skating · Bobsleigh · Luge: natural track · Nordic skiing · Alpine skiing · Chess Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Human_Development_Index Categories: Human Development Index | Lists of countries by international rankingsHidden category: Articles needing additional references from January 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans العربية БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית LatvieÅ¡u Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Română Romani РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / СрпÑ?кохрватÑ?ки Suomi Svenska தமிழà¯? ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe Удмурт УкраїнÑ?ька ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 13 August 2008, at 19:53
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