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16-September-2008 16:15:10 - Nursing This article is about the practice in general. For the occupation, see Nurse. For the physical act in humans, see Breastfeeding. For the physical act in animals, see Lactation. A U.S. Navy recruiting poster from World War II, showing a Naval nurse with a hospital ship. A U.S. Navy recruiting poster from World War II, showing a Naval nurse with a hospital ship. Nursing is a profession focused on assisting individuals, families, and communities in attaining, maintaining, and recovering optimal health and functioning. Modern definitions of nursing define it as a science and an art that focuses on promoting quality of life as defined by persons and families, throughout their life experiences from birth to care at the end of life. Contents 1 History of nursing 2 Nursing as a profession 3 Nursing practice 3.1 Definition 3.2 Nursing theory and process 3.3 Practice settings 3.4 Regulation of practice 4 Nursing specialties 5 Nursing by country 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History of nursing Main article: Timeline of nursing history See also: Category:Nurses and Category:Nursing museums Nursing comes in various forms in every culture, although the definition of the term and the practice of nursing has changed greatly over time. The oldest sense of the word in the English language a woman employed to suckle and/or generally care for a younger child. The former being known as a wet nurse and the latter being known as a dry nurse.1 In the 15th century, this developed into the idea of looking after or advising another, not necessarily meaning a woman looking after a child.1 Nursing has continued to develop in this latter sense, although the idea of nourishing in the broadest sense refers in modern nursing to promoting quality of life. Prior to the foundation of modern nursing, nuns and the military often provided nursing-like services.2 The religious and military roots of modern nursing remain in evidence today in many countries. For example: in Britain, senior female nurses are known as ''sisters''. It was during time of war that a significant development in nursing history arose when Florence Nightingale, working to improve conditions of soldiers in the Crimean War, laid the foundation stone of professional nursing with the principles summarised in the book Notes on Nursing. Other important nurses in the development of the profession include: Mary Seacole, who also worked as a nurse in the Crimea; Agnes Elizabeth Jones and Linda Richards, who established quality nursing schools in the USA and Japan, and Linda Richards who was officially America's first trained nurse, graduating in 1873 from the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston. New Zealand was the first country to regulate nurses nationally, with adoption of the Nurses Registration Act on the 12th of September, 1901. Ellen Dougherty was the first registered nurse. North Carolina was the first state in the United States to pass a nursing licensure law in 1903. Nurses have experienced difficulty with the hierarchy in medicine that has resulted in an impression that nurses primary purpose is to follow the direction of medics.3 This tendency is certainly not observed in Nightingale's Notes on Nursing, where the doctors are mentioned relatively infrequently and often in critical tones, particularly relating to bedside manner.4 The modern era has seen the development of nursing degrees and nursing has numerous journals to broaden the knowledge base of the profession. Nurses are often in key management roles within health services and hold research posts at universities. Nursing as a profession Nursing students Nursing students The authority for the practice of nursing is based upon a social contract that delineates professional rights and responsibilities as well as mechanisms for public accountability. In almost all countries, nursing practice is defined and governed by law, and entrance to the profession is regulated at national or state level. The aim of the nursing community worldwide is to develop the profession guided by continuing education based on are nursing research, and to regulate standards of competency and ethics. 5 There are a number of educational paths to becoming a professional nurse, which vary greatly worldwide, but all involve extensive study of nursing theory and practice and training in clinical skills. Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. June 2008 Nursing practice Main article: Nursing practice Nursing practice is primarily the caring relationship between the nurse and the person in their care. In providing nursing care, nurses are implementing the nursing care plan, which is based on a nursing assessment. Definition Although nursing practice varies both through its various specialities and countries, these nursing organizations offer the following definitions: Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles. - International Council of Nurses 5 The use of clinical judgement in the provision of care to enable people to improve, maintain, or recover health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death. -Royal College of Nursing UK 6 Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human responses; and advocacy in health care for individuals, families, communities, and populations. -American Nurses Association The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery or to peaceful death that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. -Virginia Avenel Henderson Nursing theory and process Main articles: Nursing theory and Nursing process In general terms, the nursing process is the method used to assess and diagnose needs, plan and implement interventions, and evaluate the outcomes of the care provided. Like other disciplines, the profession has developed different theories derived from sometimes diverse philosophical beliefs and paradigms or worldviews to help nurses direct their activities to accomplish specific goals. Currently, two paradigms exist in nursing, the totality paradigm and the simultaneity paradigm. Practice settings Nurses practice in a wide range of settings, from hospitals to visiting people in their homes and caring for them in schools to research in pharmaceutical companies. Nurses work in occupational health settings also called industrial health settings, free-standing clinics and physician offices, nurse-run clinics, long-term care facilities and camps. They also work on cruise ships and in military service. Nurses act as advisers and consultants to the healthcare and insurance industries. Some are attorneys and others work with attorneys as legal nurse consultants, reviewing patient records to assure that adequate care was provided and testifying in court. Nurses can work on a temporary basis, which involves doing shifts without a contact in a variety of settings, sometimes known as per diem nursing, agency nursing or travel nursing. Regulation of practice The practice of nursing is governed by laws that define a scope of practice, generally mandated by the legislature of the political division within which the nurse practices. Nurses are held legally responsible and accountable for their practice. The standard of care is that of the prudent nurse. Nursing specialties Main article: List of nursing specialties Nursing is the most diverse of all healthcare professions. Nurses practice in a wide range of settings but generally nursing is divided depending on the needs of the person being nursed. The major divisions are:- the nursing of people with mental health problems - Psychiatric and mental health nursing the nursing of people with learning or developmental disabilities - Learning disability nursing UK the nursing of children - Pediatric nursing. the nursing of older adults - Geriatric nursing the nursing of people in their own homes - Home health nursing US, District nursing and Health visiting UK. See also Live-in nurse There are also specialist areas such as cardiac nursing, orthopedic nursing, palliative care, perioperative nursing and oncology nursing or the specialization to cancer. Nursing by country For the occupation of nurses in each country, see nurse See also Wikibooks Wikibooks Careers has a page on the topic of Nursing Nursing portal Nurse Nursing practice Nursing care plan Nursing theory Health promotion List of nursing specialties Nursing specialties category List of nurses Prominent nurses category Nursing school Master of Science in Nursing Traditional Nurse's Uniform Modern Nurse's Uniform Scrubs References ^ a b Nurse. The Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ion 10. 1989. Oxford University Press. p603-604. ISBN 0198611862. ^ Florence Nightingale 1820 - 1910 ^ Radcliffe, Mark 2000. Doctors and nurses: new game, same result. British Medical Journal 320 1085: 1085. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7241.1085. Retrieved on 2007-08-14. ^ Nightingale, Florence 1860 Notes on Nursing Full text online Accessed 14 August 2007 ^ a b International Council of Nurses Accessed August 2007 ^ RCN 2003 Defining nursing Retrieved April 2007 External links The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Canadian Nursing History Collection Online The Canadian Museum of Civilization - One Hundred Years of Nurses' Caps American Association for the History of Nursing Sigma Theta Tau International Archives National Network of Learning Disability Nurses University of Maryland School of Nursing Living History Museum Animated Medical Procedure tutorials v d e Nursing Positions Live-in nurse · Military nurse · Nurse · Nurse midwife Credentials Certified Nursing Assistant · Licensed practical nurse · Registered nurse · Nurse practitioner · Nurse anesthetist Degrees Diploma in Nursing · Associate of Science in Nursing · Bachelor of Science in Nursing · Master of Science in Nursing · Doctorate in Nursing Specialties Cardiac nursing · Child health nursing · Critical care nursing · Emergency nursing · Geriatric nursing · Midwifery · Neonatal nursing · Oncology nursing · Orthopaedic nursing · Psychiatric and mental health nursing · Surgical nursing Skills/Procedures Incident report · Isolation · Vital signs · Universal precautions Equipment Blood pressure cuff · Stethoscope · Thermometer Other NCLEX PN RN · Nursing care · Nurse education · Nursing practice · Nursing process · Nursing school · Nursing theory · Timeline of nursing history Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Nursing Categories: Nursing | Military occupationsHidden categories: Articles to be expanded since June 2008 | All articles to be expanded Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français í•œêµì–´ Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Nederlands ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska ไทย ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 14 August 2008, at 13:47
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