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16-September-2008 16:15:11 - security For specific national programs, see Social Security United States, National Insurance UK, Social Security Sweden, Social Security Australia. Globe icon The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Social security primarily refers to social welfare service concerned with social protection, or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment and others. Although some publications use the terms social security and social protection interchangeably, social security is used both more narrowly to refer only to schemes with the formal title of 'social security' and more widely referring to many kinds of social welfare schemes. Social security may refer to: social insurance, where people receive benefits or services in recognition of contributions to an insurance scheme. These services typically include provision for retirement pensions, disability insurance, survivor benefits and unemployment insurance. income maintenance-mainly the distribution of cash in the event of interruption of employment, including retirement, disability and unemployment services provided by administrations responsible for social security. In different countries this may include medical care, aspects of social work and even industrial relations. More rarely, the term is also used to refer to basic security, a term roughly equivalent to access to basic necessities-things such as food, clothing, shelter, education and medical care. Contents 1 Social Insurance 2 Income maintenance 3 Social Protection 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Social Insurance Main article: Social insurance Actuaries define social insurance as a government-sponsored insurance program that is defined by statute, serves a defined population, and is funded through premiums or taxes paid by or on behalf of participants. Participation is either compulsory or the program is heavily enough subsidized that most eligible individuals choose to participate. In the U.S., programs that meet this definition include Social Security, Medicare, the PBGC program, the railroad retirement program and state-sponsored unemployment insurance programs.1 Income maintenance This policy is usually applied through various programs designed to provide a population with income at times when they are unable to care for themselves. Income maintenance is based in a combination of five main types of program: social insurance, considered above means-tested benefits. This is financial assistance provided for those who are unable to cover basic needs, such as food, clothing and housing, due to poverty or lack of income because of unemployment, sickness, disability, or caring for children. While assistance is often in the form of financial payments, those eligible for social welfare can usually access health and educational services free of charge. The amount of support is enough to cover basic needs and eligibility is often subject to a comprehensive and complex assessment of an applicant's social and financial situation. See also, Income Support. non-contributory benefits. Several countries have special schemes, administered with no requirement for contributions and no means test, for people in certain categories of need - for example, veterans of armed forces, people with disabilities and very old people. discretionary benefits. Some schemes are based on the discretion of an official, such as a social worker. universal or categorical benefits, also known as demogrants. These are non-contributory benefits given for whole sections of the population without a test of means or need, such as family allowances or the public pension in New Zealand known as New Zealand Superannuation. See also, Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend. Social Protection Social protection refers to a set of benefits available or not available from the state, market, civil society and households, or through a combination of these agencies, to the individual/households to reduce multi-dimensional deprivation. This multi-dimensional deprivation could be affecting less active poor persons e.g. the elderly, disabled and active poor persons e.g. unemployed. This broad framework makes this concept more acceptable in developing countries than the concept of social security. Social security is more applicable in the conditions, where large numbers of citizens depend on the formal economy for their livelihood. Through a defined contribution, this social security may be managed. But, in the context of wide spread informal economy, formal social security arrangements are almost absent for the vast majority of the working population. Besides, in developing countries, the state's capacity to reach the vast majority of the poor people may be limited because of its limited resources. In such a context, multiple agencies that could provide for social protection is important for policy consideration. The framework of social protection is thus capable of holding the state responsible to provide for the poorest sections by regulating non-state agencies. See also International Social Security Association Social Security disambiguation Social Security Administration South African Social Security Agency Social Security Disability Insurance Social Security number Social Security Trust Fund Social Security Act of 1935 Students for saving social security Generational accounting Health care system Human rights Human security National Health Service Publicly-funded health care The Four Pillars Civil protection Prevention Social health insurance Social Protection Social Security United States Social Security debate United States Social Security Australia Social Security in India Social policy Social safety net Social welfare provision Welfare state References ^ Social Insurance, Actuarial Standard of Practice No. 32, Actuarial Standards Board, January 1998 External links Social Protection Program of the World Bank Institute Social Protection research from the Overseas Development Institute Further resources on social protection particularly in reference to developing countries are available on the Governance and Social Development Resource Centre's topic guide on social protection v d e Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights General principles Article 1: Freedom, Egalitarianism, Dignity and Brotherhood Article 2: Universality of rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 1 and 2: Right to freedom from discrimination · Article 3: Right to life, liberty and security of person · Article 4: Freedom from slavery · Article 5: Freedom from torture and cruel and unusual punishment · Article 6: Right to personhood · Article 7: Equality before the law · Article 8: Right to effective remedy from the law · Article 9: Freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention and exile · Article 10: Right to a fair trial · Article 11.1: Presumption of innocence · Article 11.2: Prohibition of retrospective law · Article 12: Right to privacy · Article 13: Freedom of movement · Article 14: Right of asylum · Article 15: Right to a nationality · Article 16: Right to marriage and family life · Article 17: Right to property · Article 18: Freedom of thought, conscience and religion · Article 19: Freedom of opinion and expression · Article 20.1: Freedom of assembly · Article 20.2: Freedom of association · Article 21.1: Right to participation in government · Article 21.2: Right of equal access to public office · Article 21.3: Right to universal suffrage International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Article 1 and 2: Right to freedom from discrimination · Article 22: Right to social security · Article 23.1: Right to work · Article 23.2: Right to equal pay for equal work · Article 23.3: Right to just remuneration · Article 23.4: Right to join a trade union · Article 24: Right to rest and leisure · Article 25.1: Right to an adequate standard of living · Article 25.2: Right to special care and assistance for mothers and children · Article 26.1: Right to education · Article 26.2: Human rights education · Article 26.3: Right to choice of education · Article 27.1: Right to participate in culture · Article 27.2: Right to intellectual property Context, limitations and duties Article 28: Social order · Article 29.1: Social responsibility · Article 29.2: Limitations of human rights · Article 29.3: The supremacy of the purposes and principles of the United Nations Article 30: Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein. Category:Human rights · Human rights portal v d e Human rights Fundamental concepts and philosophies Inalienable rights · Fiduciary law · Freedoms · Natural rights · Negative rights · State sovereignty · Universality · Universal jurisdiction Organisations International institutions Committee on the Rights of the Child · International Criminal Court · Human Rights Commission · Human Rights Committee · Human Rights Council · UN Security Council Regional bodies African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights · African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights · African Court of Justice · European Court of Human Rights · European Committee for the Prevention of Torture · Inter-American Commission on Human Rights · Inter-American Court of Human Rights Multi-lateral bodies European Union · Council of Europe · Organisation of American States OAS · UN High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR · UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNOCHA · International Labour Organization ILO · World Health Oragnization WHO · UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO · Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS UNAIDS · UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs UNDESA · Commission on the Status of Women CSW · UN Population Fund UNFPA · UN Children's Fund UNICEF · UN Development Fund for Women UNIFEM · UN Development Programme UNDP · Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN FAO · UN Human Settlements Programme UN-HABITAT Major NGOs Amnesty International · Human Rights Watch · International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC Legal instruments Declarations Cairo Declaration of Human Rights · Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples · Universal Declaration of Human Rights · American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man · Paris Principles International law UN Convention Against Torture · Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women · Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination · Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities · Convention on the Rights of the Child · UN Migrant Workers' Convention · International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid · International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance · International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights · International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Regional law African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights · American Convention on Human Rights · European Convention on Human Rights · European Convention for the Prevention of Torture · European Social Charter · Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons · Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture · Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women · Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities International humanitarian law Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide · Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees · Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees · Geneva Conventions · Hague Conventions · Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Concepts that may be considered as human rights Civil and political Freedom from discrimination · Right to life · Right to die · Security of person · Liberty · Freedom of movement · Freedom from slavery · Personhood · Right to bear arms · Equality before the law · Adequate remedy · Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention · Freedom from torture · Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment · Right to a fair trial · Presumption of innocence · Right of asylum · Nationality · Freedom from exile · Privacy · Freedom of thought and conscience · Freedom of religion · Freedom of expression · Freedom of assembly · Freedom of association · Right to protest · Universal suffrage · Marriage · Family life Economic and social Labor rights · Fair remuneration · Equal pay for equal work · Trade union membership · Right to social security · Leisure and rest · Right to work · Right to property and intellectual · Right to culture · Right to public participation · Right to education · Right to adequate standard of living · Right to development · Right to health · Right to healthcare · Right to water · Right to food Reproductive rights Family planning · Reproductive health · Abortion · Genital integrity · Freedom from involuntary female genital cutting War and conflict Civilian · Combatant · Prisoner of war Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Social_security Categories: Welfare economics | Retirement | Social systems | Social programsHidden category: Articles with limited geographic scope Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Tiếng Việt УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 11 August 2008, at 18:34
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