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16-September-2008 16:15:11 - Stress management A cluttered environment with too many tasks can lead to stress. A cluttered environment with too many tasks can lead to stress. Stress management encompasses techniques intended to equip a person with effective coping mechanisms for dealing with psychological stress, with stress defined as a person's physiological response to an internal or external stimulus that triggers the fight-or-flight response. Stress management is effective when a person utilizes strategies to cope with or alter stressful situations. Contents 1 Historical foundations 2 Models of stress management 2.1 Transactional model 2.2 Health realization/innate health model 3 Techniques of stress management 3.1 Measuring stress 3.2 Effectiveness of stress management 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Historical foundations Walter Cannon and Hans Selye used animal studies to establish the earliest scientific basis for the study of stress. They measured the physiological responses of animals to external pressures, such as heat and cold, prolonged restraint, and surgical procedures, then extrapolated from these studies to human beings.12 Subsequent studies of stress in humans by Richard Rahe and others established the view that stress is caused by distinct, measureable life stressors, and further, that these life stressors can be ranked by the median degree of stress they produce leading to the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale. Thus, stress was traditionally conceptualized to be a result of external insults beyond the control of those experiencing the stress. More recently, however, it has been argued that external circumstances do not have any intrinsic capacity to produce stress, but instead their effect is mediated by the individual's perceptions, capacities, and understanding. Models of stress management Transactional model Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman suggested in 1984 that stress can be thought of as resulting from an imbalance between demands and resources or as occurring when pressure exceeds one's perceived ability to cope. Stress management was developed and premised on the idea that stress is not a direct response to a stressor but rather one's resources and ability to cope mediate the stress response and are amenable to change, thus allowing stress to be controllable.3 In order to develop an effective stress management programme it is first necessary to identify the factors that are central to a person controlling his/her stress, and to identify the intervention methods which effectively target these factors. Lazarus and Folkman's interpretation of stress focuses on the transaction between people and their external environment known as the Transactional Model. The model conceptualizes stress as a result of how a stressor is appraised and how a person appraises his/her resources to cope with the stressor. The model breaks the stressor-stress link by proposing that if stressors are perceived as positive or challenging rather than a threat, and if the stressed person is confident that he/she possesses adequate rather than deficient coping strategies, stress may not necessarily follow the presence of a potential stressor. The model proposes that stress can be reduced by helping stressed people change their perceptions of stressors, providing them with strategies to help them cope and improving their confidence in their ability to do so. Health realization/innate health model The health realization/innate health model of stress is also founded on the idea that stress does not necessarily follow the presence of a potential stressor. Instead of focusing on the individual's appraisal of so-called stressors in relation to his or her own coping skills as the transactional model does, the health realization model focuses on the nature of thought, stating that it is ultimately a person's thought processes that determine the response to potentially stressful external circumstances. In this model, stress results from appraising oneself and one's circumstances through a mental filter of insecurity and negativity, whereas a feeling of well-being results from approaching the world with a quiet mind, inner wisdom, and common sense.45 This model proposes that helping stressed individuals understand the nature of thought--especially providing them with the ability to recognize when they are in the grip of insecure thinking, disengage from it, and access natural positive feelings--will reduce their stress. Techniques of stress management There are several ways of coping with stress. Some techniques of time management may help a person to control stress. In the face of high demands, effective stress management involves learning to set limits and to say No to some demands that others make. Techniques of stress management will vary according to the theoretical paradigm adhered to, but may include some of the following6: Autogenic training Cognitive therapy Conflict resolution Exercise Mation Deep breathing Nootropic Relaxation techniques Fractional relaxation Progressive relaxation Stress balls Natural medicine Clinically validated alternative treatments7 Time management Listening to certain types of relaxing music,8 particularly: New Age music Classical music Measuring stress Levels of stress can be measured. One way is through the use of the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale to rate stressful life events. Changes in blood pressure and galvanic skin response can also be measured to test stress levels, and changes in stress levels. A digital thermometer can be used to evaluate changes in skin temperature, which can indicate activation of the fight or flight response drawing blood away from the extremities. Stress management has physiological and immune benefit effects.9 Effectiveness of stress management Positive outcomes are observed using a combination of non-drug interventions:10 treatment of anger or hostility, autogenic training talking therapy around relationship or existential issues biofeedback cognitive therapy for anxiety or clinical depression See also Biofeedback Distress Eustress Psychological resilience Relaxation technique Best of Stress Management Cannabis smoking References ^ Cannon, W. 1939. The Wisdom of the Body, 2nd ed., NY: Norton Pubs. ^ Selye, H 1950. Stress and the general adaptation syndrome. Br. Med. J. 4667: 1383-92. PMID 15426759. ^ Lazarus, R.S., Folkman, S. 1984. Stress, Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer. ^ Mills, R.C. 1995. Realizing Mental Health: Toward a new Psychology of Resiliency. Sulberger Graham Publishing, Ltd. ISBN-10: 0945819781 ^ Sedgeman, J.A. 2005. Health Realization/Innate Health: Can a quiet mind and a positive feeling state be accessible over the lifespan without stress-relief techniques? Med. Sci. Monitor 1112 HY47-52. 1 ^ Spence, J.D., Barnett, P.A., Linden, W., Ramsden, V., Taenzer, P. 1999. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 7. Recommendations on stress management. The Journal of the Canadian Medical Association,160Suppl 9:S46-50.12365525Ṇ 2 ^ www.naturalproductsassoc.org ^ Lehrer, Paul M.; David H. FRW Barlow, Robert L. Woolfolk, Wesley E. Sime 2007. Principles and Practice of Stress Management, Third ion, p46-47. ISBN 159385000X. ^ Bower, J. E. Segerstrom, S.C. 2004. Stress management, finding benefit, and immune function: positive mechanisms for intervention effects on physiology. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 56 1: 9-11. doi:10.1016/S0022-39990300120-X. ^ Wolfgang Linden; Joseph W. Lenz; Andrea H. Con 2001. Individualized Stress Management for Primary Hypertension: A Randomized Trial. Arch Intern Med 161: 1071-1080. doi:10.1001/archinte.161.8.1071. PMID 11322841. Ogden, J. 2000. Health Psychology 3rd ion. Open University Press: Buckingham. External links European Agency for Safety and Health at Work OSHA: Research on Work-Related Stress, Working on Stress Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Stress_management Categories: Stress | Management Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Bahasa Indonesia This page was last modified on 28 July 2008, at 15:53
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