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16-September-2008 16:15:11 - Perspiration Redirected from Sweat Sweat redirects here. For other uses, see Sweat disambiguation. Drops of sweat Drops of sweat Perspiration also called sweating or sometimes transpiration is the production of a fluid, consisting primarily of water as well as various dissolved solids chiefly chlorides, that is excreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals.1 Sweat also contains the chemicals or odorants 2-methylphenol o-cresol and 4-methylphenol p-cresol, as well as a small amount of urea. In humans, sweating is primarily a means of thermoregulation, although it has been proposed that components of male sweat can act as pheromonal cues 2. Evaporation of sweat from the skin surface has a cooling effect due to the latent heat of evaporation of water. Hence, in hot weather, or when the individual's muscles heat up due to exertion, more sweat is produced. Sweating is increased by nervousness and nausea and decreased by cold. Animals with few sweat glands, such as dogs, accomplish similar temperature regulation results by panting, which evaporates water from the moist lining of the oral cavity and pharynx. Primates and horses have armpits that sweat similarly to those of humans. Contents 1 Mechanism 2 Composition 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 6 Further reading Mechanism Sweating is controlled from a center in the preoptic and anterior regions of the hypothalamus where thermosensitive neurons are located. The heat regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from temperature receptors in the skin. High skin temperature reduces the hypothalamic set point for sweating and increases the gain of the hypothalamic feedback system in response to variations in core temperature. Overall, however, the sweating response to a rise in hypothalamic 'core' temperature is much larger than the response to the same increase in average skin temperature. Sweat is not pure water; it always contains a small amount 0.2 - 1% of solute. When a person moves from a cold climate to a hot climate, adaptive changes occur in their sweating mechanisms. This process is referred to as acclimatisation: the maximum rate of sweating increases and its solute composition decreases. The volume of water lost in sweat daily is highly variable, ranging from 100 to 8,000 mL/day. The solute loss can be as much as 350 mmol/day or 90 mmol/day acclimatised of sodium under the most extreme conditions. In a cool climate in the absence of exercise, sodium loss can be very low less than 5 mmols/day. Sodium concentration in sweat is 30-65 mmol/l, depending on the degree of acclimatisation. Composition Sweat contains mainly water. It also contains minerals, as well as lactate and urea. Mineral composition will vary with the individual, the acclimatisation to heat, exercise and sweating, the particular stress source exercise, sauna, etc., the duration of sweating, and the composition of minerals in the body. An indication of the minerals content is: sodium 0.9 gram/liter, potassium 0.2 gram/liter, calcium 0.015 gram/liter, magnesium 0.0013 gram/liter3. Also many other trace elements are excreted in sweat, again an indication of their concentration is although measurements can vary fifteenfold: zinc 0.4 mg/l, copper 0.3 - 0.8 mg/l, iron 1 mg/l, chromium 0.1 mg/l, nickel 0.05 mg/l, lead 0.05 mg/l. 4 5. Probably many other less abundant trace minerals will leave the body through sweating with correspondingly lower concentrations. In humans sweat is hyposmotic relative to plasma 6. See also Diaphoresis Hyperhidrosis Anhidrosis Hyponatremia Hyperthermia Body odor Hidradenitis suppurativa Pheromones Sweat gland Sweat therapy References ^ STUDY OF CONSTITUENTS OF URINE AND PERSPIRATION, H. H. MOSHER, The Journal of Biological Chemistry 16 November 1932 ^ Smelling a single component of male sweat alters levels of cortisol in women, C. Wyart et al., Journal of Neuroscience, February 7, 2006 ^ Sweat mineral-element responses during 7 h of exer...Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2007 - PubMed Result ^ Cohn JR, Emmett EA, The excretion of trace metals in human sweat., Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1978 Jul-Aug;84:270-5., http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/686643 ^ Saraymen et al., Sweat Copper, Zinc, Iron, Magnesium and Chomium levels in national westler. 1973 ^ BRS Physiology 4th ion, Linda S. Constanzo, page155 External links Male sweat boosts women's hormone levels -- from UC Berkeley, February 2007 The Effect of Male Sweat on Women's Hormone Levels -- from Science Daily, February 2007 K. Sato et al., Biology of sweat glands and their disorders, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, April 1989 Further reading Ferner S, Koszmagk R, Lehmann A, Heilmann W., Z Erkr Atmungsorgane. 1990;1752:70-5. 'Reference values of Na+ and Cl- concentrations in adult sweat' E. R. Nadel, R. W. Bullard, and J. A. Stolwijk, Importance of skin temperature in the regulation of sweating, Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 31, Issue 1, 80-87, July 1, 1971 Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Perspiration Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Perspiration Categories: Body fluids | Exocrine system | Animal physiology | Reflexes | Excretion Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Aymar AzÉ™rbaycan Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழà¯? Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 6 August 2008, at 20:56
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