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16-September-2008 16:15:12 - Votic language Redirected from Votic Votic Spoken in: Russia Region: Ingria Total speakers: 20 or fewer Language family: Uralic Finno-Ugric Finno-permic Baltic-Finnic Votic Language codes ISO 639-1: none ISO 639-2: vot ISO 639-3: vot Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Votic or Votian is the language spoken by the Votes of Ingria. It is closely related to Estonian and belongs to the Balto-Finnic subgroup of Finno-Ugric languages. Votic is spoken only in Krakolye and Luzhitsy, two villages in the Kingisepp district, and is close to extinction. In 1989 there were 62 speakers left, the youngest born in 1938. In its 24 December 2005 issue, The Economist wrote that there are only approximately 20 speakers left.1 In the 19th century it was already declining in favour of Russian there were around 1,000 speakers of the language by the start of the World War I, but its decline was accelerated under Soviet rule, when the Vote population diminished by 90% between 1926 and 1959. Since then, the Votes have, as far as possible, concealed their Votic identity, pretending to be Russians in the predominantly Russian environment. Votic originally had several dialects: Western, Eastern, Kukkusi and Kreevin an enclave in Latvia. Of these, Kreevin became extinct in the 19th century and Eastern in the 1960s. Contents 1 Orthography 2 Phonetics and phonology 2.1 Vowels 2.2 Consonants 3 Grammar 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Orthography No official orthography exists for Votic, rather many unofficial orthographies. Some use a modified Cyrillic alphabet, and some Latin. The orthographies based on Latin have many similarities with closely related Balto-Finnic languages, such as the use of Ä? for /ʧ/. At the least, a couple of ways exist for indicating short versus long vowels in Votic; firstly to place a macron over the vowel such as Ä?, or secondly to double the vowel aa. Geminate consonants are generally represented with two characters. The representation of central vowels varies, and in some cases the practice is to use the Finno-Ugric transcription of eÌ®, and in other cases the letter õ which is somewhat similar to the Estonian sound is used. Phonetics and phonology Vowels Votic has 10 vowels, which are loosely represented by the following chart. The Votic /eÌ®/, however, is known to be a bit higher than the Estonian õ, but the rest of the vowels generally correspond to Estonian. IPA FUT Front Central Back High i y i ü ɨ iÌ® u u High-mid e ø e ö ɤ eÌ® o o Low æ ä É‘ a All of the vowels may occur short or long, however in some eastern dialects the long mid vowels /Ä“ Å? È«/ have been diphthongized to /ie uo üö/. Thus, tee 'road' is pronounced as tie. Votic also has a large inventory of diphthongs. Votic vowel harmony is rather similar to Finnish, in that most words may only have front or back vowels while /i e/ are neutral, however there are some exceptions with the behavior of /o ö/. Some suffixes including the vowel /o/ do not harmonize as the occurrence of /ö/ in non-initial syllables is generally a result of Finnish or Ingrian loan words, and similarly onomatopoetic words and loanwords are not necessarily subject to conforming to rules of vowel harmony. Consonants bilabial labiodental dental palatal velar glottal plosive p, b t, d k, g affricate ʦ ʧ nasal m n Å‹ trill r fricative f, v s, z ʃ, Ê’, Ê? x h lateral l ÊŽ Nearly all Votic consonants may occur as geminates. Also, Votic also has a system of consonant gradation, which is discussed in further detail in the consonant gradation article, although a large amount of alternations involve voicing alternations. Two important differences in Votic phonetics as compared to Estonian and Finnish is that the sounds /j/ and /v/ are actually fully fricatives, unlike Estonian and Finnish, in which they are approximants. Also, one possible allophone of /h/ is ɸ, ühsi is thus pronounced as IPA: yɸsi. The Votic voiced stops FUT /b d g/ may undergo devoicing to B D G, which are then similar to Estonian voiceless lenis stops. Grammar Votic is an agglutinating language much like the nearly related Balto-Finnic languages. In terms of inflection on nouns, Votic has two numbers singular, plural, and 16 cases: nominative, genitive, accusative distinct for pronouns, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, essive, excessive, abessive, comitative, terminative. Unlike Livonian language, which has been influenced to a great extent by Latvian, Votic retained its Finnic characteristics. There are many loan words from Russian, but not a phonological and grammatical influence comparable with the Latvian influence to Livonian. In terms of verbs, Votic has six tenses, two of which are basic: present, imperfect; and the rest of which are compound tenses: present perfect, past perfect, future and future perfect. Votic has three moods conditional, imperative, potential, and two 'voices' active and passive. Caution however should be used with the term 'passive', with Baltic-Finnic languages though as a result of the fact that it is more active and 'impersonal' it has an oblique 3rd person marker, and so is not really 'passive'. References ^ ~~~~Staff writer December 24 2005 - January 6 2006. The dying fish swims in water, The Economist, pp. 73-74. Further reading Ariste, Paul 1968. A Grammar of the Votic Language. Bloomington: Indiana University. ISBN 978-0877-50024-7. External links Ethnologue report on Votic Votian at Indigenous Minority Languages of Russia Virtual Votia The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire v d e Finno-Ugric Languages Baltic-Finnic Estonian · Finnish Ingrian Finnish · Kven · Meänkieli · Ingrian · Karelian Ludic · Olonets Karelian · Livonian · South Estonian Seto · Võro · Veps · Votic Volga-Finnic Mari · Erzya · Moksha · Merya †· Meshcherian †· Muromian †Permic Komi · Komi-Permyak · Udmurt Sami Akkala Sami †· Inari Sami · Kemi Sami †· Kildin Sami · Lule Sami · Northern Sami · Pite Sami · Skolt Sami · Southern Sami Ter Sami · Ume Sami Ugric Hungarian · Khanty · Mansi †denotes extinct Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Votic_language Categories: Votia | Baltic-Finnic languages | Ingria | Languages of Russia | Endangered languages Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Eesti Esperanto Français Gaelg Italiano LatvieÅ¡u Lietuvių Magyar ÐрзÑ?нь Nederlands Ð?охчийн ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski РуÑ?Ñ?кий Sámegiella Suomi Svenska УкраїнÑ?ька Võro This page was last modified on 23 July 2008, at 10:16
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