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22-AUGUST-2008 06:13:22 - transaminase glutamic-pyruvate transaminase Identifiers Symbol GPT Entrez 2875 HUGO 4552 OMIM 138200 RefSeq NM_005309 UniProt P24298 Other data EC number 2.6.1.2 Locus Chr. 8 q24.2-qter Alanine transaminase or ALT is a transaminase enzyme EC 2.6.1.2. It is also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase SGPT or alanine aminotransferase ALAT. ALT is found in serum and in various bodily tissues, but is most commonly associated with the liver; Contents 1 Function 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Elevated levels 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Function It catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from alanine to a-ketoglutarate, the products of this reversible transamination reaction being pyruvate and glutamate. glutamate + pyruvate ⇌ α-ketoglutarate + alanine Alanine transaminase Alanine transaminase Clinical significance It is commonly measured clinically as a part of a diagnostic liver function test, to determine liver health. Diagnostically, it is almost always measured in units/litre U/L. Elevated levels Significantly elevated levels of ALT often suggest the existence of other medical problems such as viral hepatitis, congestive heart failure, liver damage, biliary duct problems, infectious mononucleosis, or myopathy. For this reason, ALT is commonly used as a way of screening for liver problems. However, elevated levels of ALT do not automatically mean that medical problems exist. Fluctuation of ALT levels is normal over the course of the day, and ALT levels can also increase in response to strenuous physical exercise1. When elevated ALT levels are found in the blood, the possible underlying causes can be further narrowed down by measuring other enzymes. For example, elevated ALT levels due to liver-cell damage can be distinguished from biliary duct problems by measuring alkaline phosphatase. Also, myopathy-related ALT levels can be ruled out by measuring creatine kinase enzymes. For years, the American Red Cross used ALT testing as part of the battery of tests to ensure the safety of its blood supply by deferring donors with elevated ALT levels. The intent was to identify donors potentially infected with Hepatitis C non-A non-B Hepatitis because there was no specific test for that disease at the time. With the introduction of second generation ELISA antibody tests for Hepatitis C, the Red Cross changed the ALT policy. As of July 2003, donors previously disqualified for elevated ALT levels and no other reason may be reinstated as donors by contacting the donor counseling department of their regional Red Cross organization2. See also Liver function tests References ^ Paul T. Giboney M.D., Mildly Elevated Liver Transaminase Levels in the Asymptomatic Patient, American Family Physician. ^ Red Cross Donor Requirements External links MeSH Alanine+transaminase v d e Transferase: transaminases EC 2.6 Aspartate transaminase - Alanine transaminase - GABA transaminase - Tyrosine aminotransferase - Ornithine aminotransferase - Branched chain aminotransferase v d e Metabolism: carbohydrate metabolism: glycolysis/gluconeogenesis enzymes Glycolysis Glucokinase/Hexokinase/Glucose 6-phosphatase - Glucose isomerase - Phosphofructokinase 1/Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase Aldolase - Triosephosphate isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase - Phosphoglycerate kinase - Phosphoglycerate mutase - Enolase - Pyruvate kinase Gluconeogenesis only to oxaloacetate: Pyruvate carboxylase - Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from lactate Cori cycle: Lactate dehydrogenase from alanine Alanine cycle: Alanine transaminase from glycerol: Glycerol kinase - Glycerol dehydrogenase Regulatory Phosphofructokinase 2/Fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase - Bisphosphoglycerate mutase see also disorders v d e Metabolism: amino acid metabolism - synthesis and catabolism enzymes essential in CAPS K→acetyl-CoA LYSINE→ Saccharopine dehydrogenase - Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase LEUCINE→ Branched chain aminotransferase - Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex - Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase - Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase - Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase - 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase TRYPTOPHAN→ Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase/Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase - Arylformamidase - Kynureninase - 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase - Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase - Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase PHENYLALANINE→tyrosine→ see below G→pyruvate glycine→serine→ Serine hydroxymethyltransferase - Serine dehydratase alanine→ Alanine transaminase cysteine→ D-cysteine desulfhydrase threonine→ L-threonine dehydrogenase G→glutamate HISTIDINE→ Histidine ammonia-lyase - Urocanate hydratase - Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase proline→ Proline oxidase - Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase - 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase/ALDH4A1 - PYCR1 arginine→ Ornithine aminotransferase - Ornithine decarboxylase - Agmatinase →alpha-ketoglutarate→TCA Glutamate dehydrogenase G→propionyl-CoA VALINE→ Branched chain aminotransferase - Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex - Enoyl-CoA hydratase - 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase - 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase - Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase ISOLEUCINE→ Branched chain aminotransferase - Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex - 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase METHIONINE→ Methionine adenosyltransferase - Adenosylhomocysteinase - Cystathionine beta synthase - Cystathionine gamma-lyase methionine synthesis: MTR/Homocysteine methyltransferase THREONINE→ Threonine aldolase →succinyl-CoA→TCA Propionyl-CoA carboxylase - Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase - Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase G→fumarate PHENYLALANINE→tyrosine→ Phenylalanine hydroxylase - Tyrosine aminotransferase - 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase - Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase - Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase G→oxaloacetate asparagine→aspartate→ Asparaginase/Asparagine synthetase - Aspartate transaminase Other tyrosine→melanin Tyrosinase cysteine+glutamate→glutathione Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase - Glutathione synthetase - Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase glycine→creatine Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase - Creatine kinase glutamate→glutamine Glutamine synthetase - Glutaminase proline+lysine→collagen Prolyl hydroxylase - Lysyl hydroxylase see also disorders, intermediates Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Alanine_transaminase Categories: Genes on chromosome 8 | Chemical pathology | Enzymes | EC 2.6.1 | HepatologyHidden category: Protein pages needing a picture Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Svenska This page was last modified on 18 August 2008, at 10:10
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