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22-AUGUST-2008 06:13:22 - Pulmonary alveolus Redirected from Alveoli December 2007 The alveoli The alveoli An alveolus plural: alveoli, from Latin alveolus, little cavity is an anatomical structure that has the form of a hollow cavity. Found in the lung, the pulmonary alveoli are spherical outcroppings of the respiratory bronchioles and are the primary sites of gas exchange with the blood. Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs. Different structures are involved in gas exchange in other vertebrates.1 Contents 1 Location 2 Anatomy 3 Diseases 4 Additional images 5 References 6 External links Location The alveoli are found in the respiratory zone of the lungs. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveoli is taken up by the blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body. Anatomy The human lung contains about 480 million alveoli,2 representing a total surface area of about 70-90 square meters m2. Each alveolus is wrapped in a fine mesh of capillaries covering about 70% of its area. An alveolus has a radius of about 0.05 mm, but this increases to around 0.1 mm during inhalation.citation needed The alveoli consist of an epithelial layer and extracellular matrix surrounded by capillaries. In some alveolar walls there are pores between alveoli. There are three major alveolar cell types in the alveolar wall pneumocytes: Type I cells that form the structure of an alveolar wall Type II cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant to lower the surface tension of water and allows the membrane to separate thereby increasing the capability to exchange gases. Surfactant is continuously released by exocytosis. It forms an underlying aqueous protein-containing hypophase and an overlying phospholipid film composed primarily of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. Macrophages that destroy foreign material, such as bacteria. The alveoli have an innate tendency to collapse atelectasis because of their spherical shape, small size, and surface tension due to water vapor. Phospholipids, which are called surfactants, and pores help to equalize pressures and prevent collapse. Diseases Acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS is a severe inflammatory disease of the lung. Usually triggered by other pulmonary pathology, the uncontrolled inflammation leads to impaired gas exchange, alveolar flooding and/or collapse, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. It usually requires mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit setting. Infant respiratory distress syndrome IRDS is a syndrome caused by lack of surfactant in the lungs of premature infants. In asthma, the bronchioles, or the bottle-necks into the sac are restricted causing the amount of air flow into the lungs to be greatly reduced. It can be triggered by irritants in the air, photochemical smog for example, as well as substances that a person is allergic to. Emphysema is another disease of the lungs, whereby the elastin in the walls of the alveoli is broken down by an imbalance between the production of neutrophil elastase elevated by cigarette smoke and alpha-1-antitrypsin the activity varies due to genetics or reaction of a critical methionine residue with toxins including cigarette smoke. The resulting loss of elasticity in the lungs leads to prolonged times for exhalation, which occurs through passive recoil of the expanded lung. This leads to a smaller volume of gas exchanged per breath. Chronic bronchitis occurs when an abundance of mucus is produced by the lungs. The production of this substance occurs naturally when the lung tissue is exposed to irritants. In chronic bronchitis, the air passages into the alveoli, the broncholiotes, become clogged with mucus. This causes increased coughing in order to remove the mucus, and is often a result of extended periods of exposure to cigarette smoke. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition caused by the dysfunction of a transmembrane protein responsible for the transport of chloride ions. This causes huge amounts of mucus to clog the bronchiolites, similar to chronic bronchitis. The result is a persistent cough and reduced lung capacity. Diffuse interstitial fibrosis Lung cancer is a common form of cancer causing the uncontrolled growth of cells in the lung tissue. Due to the sensitivity of lung tissue, such malignant growth is often hard to treat effectively. Pneumonia is an infection of the alveoli, which can be caused by both viruses and bacteria. Toxins and fluids are released from the virus causing the effective surface area of the lungs to be greatly reduced. If this happens to such a degree that the patient cannot draw enough oxygen from his environment, then the victim may need supplemental oxygen. Cavitary pneumonia is a process in which the alveoli are destroyed and produce a cavity. As the alveoli are destroyed, the surface area for gas exchange to occur becomes reduced. Further changes in blood flow can lead to decline in lung function. Pulmonary contusion is a bruise of the lung tissue. Additional images Bronchial anatomy Microscopic slide References ^ Daniels, Christopher B. and Orgeig, Sandra 2003. Pulmonary Surfactant: The Key to the Evolution of Air Breathing. News in Physiological Sciences 18 4: 151-157. ^ Weibel ER March 2008. How to make an alveolus. Eur. Respir. J. 31 3: 483-5. doi:10.1183/09031936.00003308. PMID 18310393. External links MeSH Pulmonary+Alveoli v d e Anatomy of torso, respiratory system: Lungs and related structures lungs right left lingula apex base root cardiac notch cardiac impression hilum borders anterior, posterior, inferior surfaces costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic fissures oblique, horizontal conducting zone trachea tracheal rings, carina bronchi main bronchus right, left lobar/secondary bronchi eparterial bronchus segmental/tertiary bronchi bronchopulmonary segment bronchiole terminal bronchiole respiratory zone respiratory bronchiole alveolar duct alveolus alveolar-capillary barrier pleurae parietal pleura cervical, costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic visceral pleura pulmonary ligament recesses costomediastinal, costodiaphragmatic pleural cavity Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus Categories: Respiratory therapy | Respiratory system | PulmonologyHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from December 2007 | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Deutsch Þ‹Þ¨ÞˆÞ¬Þ€Þ¨Þ„Þ¦Þ?Þ° Español Français עברית Italiano Lietuvių МакедонÑ?ки Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português SlovenÄ?ina Suomi Svenska УкраїнÑ?ька This page was last modified on 8 August 2008, at 15:3
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