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22-AUGUST-2008 06:13:22 - Amphibole For the logical fallacy, see Amphibology. Amphibole Hornblende Amphibole Hornblende Amphibole pronounced amfi-bowl defines an important group of generally dark-colored rock-forming inosilicate minerals, composed of double chain SiO4 tetrahedra, linked at the vertices and generally containing ions of iron and/or magnesium in their structures. Amphiboles crystallize into two crystal systems, monoclinic and orthorhombic. In chemical composition and general characteristics they are similar to the pyroxenes. The chief differences between amphiboles and pyroxenes are that i they contain essential hydroxyl OH or halogene F, Cl and ii the basic structure is a double chain of tetrahedra as opposed to the single chain structure of pyroxene. Most apparent, in hand specimens, is that amphiboles form oblique cleavage planes at around 120 degrees, whereas pyroxenes have cleavage angles of approximately 90 degrees. Amphiboles are also specifically less dense than the corresponding pyroxenes. In optical characteristics, many amphiboles are distinguished by their stronger pleochroism and by the smaller angle of extinction Z angle c on the plane of symmetry. Amphiboles are the primary constituent of amphibolites. Amphiboles are minerals of either igneous or metamorphic origin; in the former case occurring as constituents hornblende of igneous rocks, such as granite, diorite, andesite and others. Those of metamorphic origin include examples such as those developed in limestones by contact metamorphism tremolite and those formed by the alteration of other ferromagnesian minerals hornblende. Pseudomorphs of amphibole after pyroxene are known as uralite. The name amphibole Greek αμφιβολος - amphibolos meaning 'ambiguous' was used by RJ Haüy to include tremolite, actinolite, tourmaline and hornblende. The group was so named by Haüy in allusion to the protean variety, in composition and appearance, assumed by its minerals. This term has since been applied to the whole group. Numerous sub-species and varieties are distinguished, the more important of which are tabulated below in three series. The formulae of each will be seen to be built on the general double-chain silicate formula RSi4O11. Amphibole groups Orthorhombic Series Anthophyllite Mg,Fe7Si8O22OH2 Monoclinic Series Tremolite Ca2Mg5Si8O22OH2 Actinolite Ca2Mg,Fe5Si8O22OH2 Cummingtonite Fe2Mg5Si8O22OH2 Grunerite Fe7Si8O22OH2 Hornblende Ca2Mg,Fe,Al5Al,Si8O22OH2 Glaucophane Na2Mg,Fe3Al2Si8O22OH2 Riebeckite Na2Fe2+3Fe3+2Si8O22OH2 Arfvedsonite Na3Fe2+4Fe3+Si8O22OH2 Crocidolite Na2Fe2+3Fe3+2Si8O22OH2 Richterite Na2CaMg,Fe5Si8O22OH2 Pargasite NaCa2Mg3Fe2+Si6Al3O22OH2 Of these, tremolite, hornblende, and crocidolite, as well as the important varieties, asbestos and jade, are treated under their own headings. Brief mention need only be made of some of the others. Naturally, on account of the wide variations in chemical composition, the different members vary considerably in properties and general appearance. Anthophyllite occurs as brownish, fibrous or lamellar masses with hornblende in mica-schist at Kongsberg in Norway and some other localities. An aluminous related species is known as gedrite and a deep green Russian variety containing little iron as kupfferite. Hornblende is an important constituent of many igneous rocks. It is also an important constituent of amphibolites formed by metamorphism of basalt. Actinolite is an important and common member of the monoclinic series, forming radiating groups of acicular crystals of a bright green or greyish-green color. It occurs frequently as a constituent of greenschists. The name from Greek ακτις/aktis, a 'ray' and λιθος/lithos, a 'stone' is a translation of the old German word Strahlstein radiated stone. Glaucophane, crocidolite, riebeckite and arfvedsonite form a somewhat special group of alkali-amphiboles. The first two are blue fibrous minerals, with glaucophane occurring in blueschists and crocidolite blue asbestos in ironstone formations, both resulting from dynamo-metamorphic processes. The latter two are dark green minerals, which occur as original constituents of igneous rocks rich in sodium, such as nepheline-syenite and phonolite. Pargasite is a rare magnesium-rich amphibole with essential sodium, usually found in ultramafic rocks. For instance, it occurs in uncommon mantle xenoliths, carried up by kimberlite. It is hard, dense, black and usually idiomorphic, with a red-brown pleochroism in petrographic thin section. See also list of minerals Amphibolite rock, and Amphibolite Facies Igneous rocks Metamorphism References Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York ISBN 0-471-80580-7 This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh ion, a publication now in the public domain. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Amphibole Categories: Inosilicates | Asbestos Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages ÄŒesky Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina Suomi Svenska УкраїнÑ?ька This page was last modified on 11 June 2008, at 19:29
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