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22-AUGUST-2008 06:13:22 - Phytochemical Phytochemicals are plant- or fruit-derived chemical compounds. Phytonutrients refer to phytochemicals or compounds that come from edible plants. Contents 1 Phytochemicals as therapeutics 1.1 Clinical trials and health claim status 2 Food processing and phytochemicals 3 List of foods high in phytonutrients 3.1 Other foods rich in phytonutrients or superfoods 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 External links Phytochemicals as therapeutics There is evidence from laboratory studies that phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancer, possibly due to dietary fibers, polyphenol antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects. Specific phytochemicals, such as fermentable dietary fibers, meet significant scientific agreement to be allowed limited health claims by the US Food and Drug Administration FDA.1 Phytochemicals have been used as drugs for millennia. For example, Hippocrates may have prescribed willow tree leaves to abate fever. Salicin, having anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties, was originally extracted from the white willow tree and later synthetically produced to become the staple over-the-counter drug called Aspirin. An important cancer drug, Taxol paclitaxel, is a phytochemical initially extracted and purified from the Pacific yew tree. Among edible plants with health promoting phytochemicals, diindolylmethane, from Brassica vegetables broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, kale, Brussels sprouts is currently used as a treatment for recurring respiratory papillomatosis tumors caused by the human papilloma viruscitation needed, is in Phase III clinical trials for cervical dysplasia a precancerous condition caused by the human papilloma viruscitation needed and is in clinical trials sponsored by the National Cancer Institute of the United States for a variety of cancers breast, prostate, lung, colon, and cervical. The compound is being studied for anti-viral, anti-bacterial and anti-cancer properties through a variety of pathwayscitation needed and has been shown to synergize with Taxol in its anti-cancer properties, making it a possible anti-cancer phytochemical as taxol resistance is a major problem for cancer patients.citation needed Some phytochemicals with medicinal properties may be elements, rather than complex organic molecules. Selenium for example is abundant in Brassica vegetables which may have anti-viral and anti-cancer properties. Selenium is a cofactor element for synthesis of glutathione, a potent and important antioxidant manufactured primarily in the liver. Clinical trials and health claim status There are currently many other phytochemicals possibly having medicinal properties in clinical trials for a variety of diseases. Lycopene, for example, from tomatoes has been tested in clinical trials for cardiovascular diseases and prostate cancer. These studies, however, did not attain sufficient scientific agreement to conclude an effect on any disease.2 The FDA position reads: Very limited and preliminary scientific research suggests that eating one-half to one cup of tomatoes and/or tomato sauce a week may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. The FDA concludes that there is little scientific evidence supporting this claim. Likewise, although lutein and zeaxanthin may affect visual performance and inhibit macular degeneration and cataracts, there was insufficient scientific evidence from clinical trials for such a specific effect or health claim.3 Many phytochemicals have anti-inflammatory properties in vitro, including turmeric and chia. Inflammation is a factor in many diseases of aging including Alzheimer's and arthritis, and many artificial anti-inflammatories have unfortunate side-effects. Turmeric is also reported to be active against skin cancer melanoma.citation needed Clinical investigations continue to assess phytochemicals with medicinal properties. Food processing and phytochemicals Phytochemicals in freshly harvested plant foods may be destroyed or removed by modern processing techniques, possibly including cooking45. For this reason, industrially processed foods likely contain fewer phytochemicals and may thus be less beneficial than unprocessed foods. Absence or deficiency of phytochemicals in processed foods is believed to have contributed to the increased prevalence of the above-cited preventable or treatable causes of death in contemporary societycitation needed. Interestingly, a converse example exists in which lycopene, a phytochemical present in tomatoes, is concentrated in processed foods such as spaghetti sauce and ketchup in manners that make the processed version of the tomatoes better sources of lycopene than fresh tomatoescitation needed. List of foods high in phytonutrients July 2007 Foods high in phytonutrients, or superfoods6, are: soy - protease inhibitors, beta sitosterol, saponins, phytic acid, isoflavones tomato - lycopene, beta carotene, vitamin C broccoli - vitamin C, 3,3'-Diindolylmethane, sulphoraphane, lignans, selenium garlic - thiosulphonates, limonene, quercitin flax seeds and oil seeds - lignans citrus fruits - monoterpenes, coumarin, cryptoxanthin, vitamin C, ferulic acid, oxalic acid blueberries - tannic acid, lignans, anthocyanins sweet potatoes - beta carotene chilli peppers - capsaicin legumes: beans, peas, lentils - omega fatty acids, saponins, catechins, quercetin, lutein, lignans Other foods rich in phytonutrients or superfoods Some animal derived foods are also considered superfoods. Beginning in 2005, there has been a rapidly growing recognition of several common and exotic fruits recognized for their nutrient richness and antioxidant qualities, with over 900 new product introductions worldwide7. More than a dozen industry publications on functional foods and beverages have referred to various exotic or antioxidant species as superfruits, some of which are included in the list below. Apples - quercetin, catechins, tartaric acid Açaí berries - dietary fiber, anthocyanins, omega-3, omega-6, omega-9, protein, beta-sitosterol, polyphenols. Açaí is the highest scoring plant food spices excepted for antioxidant ORAC value8 Dried apricots Artichoke - silymarin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid Brassicates: kale, cabbage, brussels sprouts, cauliflower - lutein Carrots - beta-carotene Cocoa - flavonoids, epicatechin Purple corn - anthocyanins Cranberries - ellagic acid, anthocyanins Eggplant Gac - beta-carotene, lycopene Goji wolfberry - ellagic acid, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, lycopene, riboflavin, vitamin C, copper, selenium, zinc, protein9 Pink grapefruit - lycopene Red grapes and wine - quercitin, resveratrol, catechins, ellagic acid Green tea - quercetin, catechins, oxalic acid Mangos - cryptoxanthin Mangosteen - xanthones Nuts and seeds - resveratrol, phytic acid, phytosterols, protease inhibitors Porridge oats soluble fibre magnesium, zinc Okra -- beta carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin Olive oil - monounsaturated fat, hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, oleocanthal Onions - quercetin, thiosulphonates Papaya - cryptoxanthin Bell peppers - beta-carotene, vitamin C Pomegranate - vitamin C, tannins, especially punicalagins Pumpkin - lignans, carotene Quinoa dietary fiber, protein without gluten with balanced essential amino acids Sea buckthorn - vitamin C, tocopherols, carotenoids, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids10 Sesame - lignans Shiitake mushrooms Spinach - oxalic acid, lutein, zeaxanthin squash Watermelon - lycopene zeaxanthin, sulphoraphane, indole-3-carbinol Spirulina - beta-carotene See also Phytochemistry List of phytochemicals and foods they are prominent in List of antioxidants in food Secondary metabolites Phytoremediation Footnotes ^ US FDA, Health Claims that Meet Significant Scientific Agreement1 ^ US FDA, Qualified Health Claims Subject to Enforcement Discretion, Docket No. 2004Q-0201http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/qhc-sum.html ^ US FDA, Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Denial - Xangold® Lutein Esters, Lutein, or Zeaxanthin and Reduced Risk of Age-related Macular Degeneration or Cataract Formation Docket No. 2004Q-01802 ^ 3 Cooking and nutrient loss, World's Healthiest Foods ^ 4 How processing affects berry nutrients, The Berry Doctor's Journal, August 2007 ^ Pratt S, Matthews K. SuperFoods Rx 2004 HarperCollins Books, New York ISBN 0060535679 5 ^ Starling, Shane 2006-04. Superfruits - superheroes of functionality in English, Functional Foods Nutraceuticals. Retrieved on 2007-07-08. ^ Schauss AG, Wu X, Prior RL, Ou B, Huang D, Owens J, Agarwal A, Jensen GS, Hart AN, Shanbrom E. Antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of the freeze-dried Amazonian palm berry, Euterpe oleraceae mart. acai. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Nov 1;5422:8604-10.Abstract. ^ Gross PM. Goji: what it is... and isn't. Natural Products Information Center, September 2007 6 ^ Gross PM. Sea buckthorn cornucopia. Natural Products Information Center, December 2007 7 References Page 213 of, Nutrition for Life by Hark Deen published 2006 by Dorling Kindersley Activation and potentiation of interferon-gamma signaling by 3,3'-diindolylmethane in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Riby JE, Xue L, Chatterji U, Bjeldanes EL, Firestone GL, Bjeldanes LF. Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-3104, USA. Molecular Pharmacology. 2006 Feb;692:430-9. DIM stimulates IFNgamma gene expression in human breast cancer cells via the specific activation of JNK and p38 pathways. Xue L, Firestone GL, Bjeldanes LF. Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, 119 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA. Oncogene. 2005 Mar 31;2414:2343-53. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane and Paclitaxel Act Synergistically to Promote Apoptosis in HER2/Neu Human Breast Cancer Cells. Journal of Surgical Research, 2006 May 15;1322:208-13. K. McGuire, N. Ngoubilly, M. Neavyn, S. Lanza-Jacoby Department of Surgery, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107. Pilot study: effect of 3,3'-diindolylmethane supplements on urinary hormone metabolites in postmenopausal women with a history of early-stage breast cancer. Journal of Nutrition and Cancer. 2004;502:161-7. Dalessandri KM, Firestone GL, Fitch MD, Bradlow HL, Bjeldanes LF Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-3200, USA. Estrogen metabolism and risk of breast cancer: a prospective study of the 2:16alpha-hydroxyestrone ratio in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Epidemiology. 2000 Nov;116:635-40. Muti P, Bradlow HL, Micheli A, Krogh V, Freudenheim JL, Schunemann HJ, Stanulla M, Yang J, Sepkovic DW, Trevisan M, Berrino F. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA, Epidemiology Division of the National Cancer Institute Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical School of Hannover, Hannover, Germany. Lycopene. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 2006;51:99-164. Rao AV, Ray MR, Rao LG, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Tomato lycopene and its role in human health and chronic diseases. CMAJ 2000 Sep 19;1636:739-44 Agarwal S., Rao AV., Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto. Combinations of Tomato and Broccoli Enhance Antitumor Activity in Dunning R3327-H Prostate Adenocarcinomas. Canene-Adams K, Lindshield B, Wang S, Jeffery E, Clinton S, Erdman J., Cancer Res 2007; 67: 2. January 15, 2007 Selenium: from cancer prevention to DNA damage. Journal of Toxicology, 2006 October 3;2271-2:1-14. Letavayova L., Vichova V., Brozmanova J. Laboratory of Molecular Genetic, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 833 91 Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Low serum selenium and total carotenoids predict mortality among older women living in the community. Journal of Nutrition. 2006 Jan;1361:172-6. Ray AL, Semba RD, Walston J., Ferrucci L, Cappola AR, Ricks MO, Xue QL, Fried LP. The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with selenium supplementation: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007 Jan 22;1672:148-54. Hurwitz BE, Klaus JR, Lllabre MM, Gonzalez A, Lawrence PJ, Maher KJ, Greenson JM, Baum MK, Shor-Posner G, Skyler JS, Schneiderman N. Study of prediagnostic selenium level in toenails and the risk of advanced prostate cancer. Yoshizawa K, Willett WC, Morris SJ, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;9016:1219-1224. Supplementation with the carotenoids lutein or zeaxanthin improves human visual performance. Ophthalmic Physiological Optics. Kvansakul J, Rodriguez-Carmona M., Edgar DF, Barker FM, Kapcke W., Schalch W., Barbur JL. Applied Vision Research Centre, Department of Optometry and Visual Science, City University, London, UK. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Journal of the American Medical Association.1994 Nov 9;27218:1413-20. Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, Hiller R, Blair N, Burton TC, Farber MD, Gragoudas ES, Haller J., Miller DT. Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston 02114. External links Phytochemical Database - United States Department of Agriculture Phytochemicals - Overview of phytochemicals with structures and properties. Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals Phytochemicals at LPI - Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University Phytochemical discussions in the Natural Products Discussion Group - sponsored by Herbal Sciences International Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Phytochemical Categories: Antioxidants | Phytochemicals | Nutrients | Nutrition | PhysiologyHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since June 2008 | Articles with statements since October 2007 | Articles needing additional references from July 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Español Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Português This page was last modified on 16 August 2008, at 05:02
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