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22-AUGUST-2008 06:13:22 - Common wheat Redirected from Triticum aestivum This article includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. July 2007 Common wheat or bread wheat Ears of common wheat Ears of common wheat Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Subfamily: Pooideae Tribe: Triticeae Genus: Triticum Species: T. aestivum Binomial name Triticum aestivum L. Common wheat, Triticum aestivum, also known as bread wheat is a cultivated wheat species. Contents 1 Evolution 2 Recent history 3 Plant breeding 4 Other forms of common wheat 5 References 6 See also Evolution Bread wheat is an allohexaploid an allopolyploid with six sets of chromosomes, two sets from each of three different species. Free-threshing wheat is closely related to spelt. As with spelt, genes contributed from goatgrass Aegilops tauschii give bread wheat greater cold hardiness than most wheats, and it is cultivated throughout the world's temperate regions. Recent history Globe icon The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Wheat first reached North America with Spanish missions in the 16th century, but North America's role as a major exporter of grain dates from the colonization of the prairies in the 1870s. As grain exports from Russia ceased in the First World War, grain production in Kansas doubled. Worldwide, bread wheat has proved well adapted to modern industrial baking, and has displaced many of the other wheat, barley, and rye species that were once commonly used for bread making, particularly in Europe. Plant breeding Modern wheat varieties have short stems, the result of RHt dwarfing genes that reduce the plant's sensitivity to gibberellic acid, a plant hormone that lengthens cells. RHt genes were introduced to modern wheat varieties in the 1960s by Norman Borlaug from Norin 10 cultivars of wheat grown in Japan. Short stems are important because the application of high levels of chemical fertilizers would otherwise cause the stems to grow too high, resulting in lodging collapse of the stems. Stem heights are also even, which is important for modern harvesting techniques. Other forms of common wheat Ears of compact wheat Ears of compact wheat Compact wheats e.g. club wheat Triticum compactum, but in India T. sphaerococcum are closely related to common wheat, but have a much more compact ear. Their shorter rachis segments lead to spikelets packed closer together. Compact wheats are often regarded as subspecies rather than species in their own right thus T. aestivum subsp. compactum. References Bonjean, Alain P. and William J. Angus eds 2001. The world wheat book : a history of wheat breeding. Andover: Intercept, 1131. 1898298726. Excellent resource for 20th century plant breeding. Caligari, P.D.S. and P.E. Brandham eds 2001. Wheat taxonomy : the legacy of John Percival. London: Linnean Society, Linnean Special Issue 3, 190. Heyne, E.G. ed. 1987. Wheat and wheat improvement. Madison, Wis.: American Society of Agronomy, 765. 0891180915. Zohary, Daniel and Maria Hopf 2000. Domestication of Old World plants: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 316. 0198503563. Standard reference for evolution and early history. See also v d e Wheat resources History Domestication · Neolithic Revolution · Tell Abu Hureyra · Aaron Aaronsohn · Evolution: Triticeae Types of wheat Wheat taxonomy · Common / Bread · Durum · Einkorn · Emmer · Kamut · Norin 10 · Red Fife · Spelt · Winter wheat Agronomy Wheat diseases List · Wheat mildew · Physiological and molecular wheat breeding Trade Australian Wheat Board · Canadian Wheat Board · International Wheat Council · International wheat production statistics Parts straw · kernel · germ · husk · bran · gluten Basic Preparations None: Wheatberry · Milling: cracked wheat, farina / semolina / wheat meal, wheat flour types of wheat flour, etc. · Parboiling: bulgur As Ingredient wheat beer · bread · flatbread · crackers · wheat gluten · pasta · couscous Associated Diseases: Coeliac disease · Exercise-induced anaphylaxis · Other Uses: Wheat pasting · Wheat germ oil related concepts Plant breeding · whole grain vs. refined grains · staple food · Grain trade Further information Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Common_wheat Categories: WheatHidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations | Articles with limited geographic scope Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages БългарÑ?ки Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Lietuvių Limburgs Nederlands Polski Suomi Svenska This page was last modified on 14 June 2008, at 16:2
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