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20-September-2008 09:29:04 - Berry This article is about the fruit. For other uses, see Berry disambiguation. Four fruits that are true berries size not to scale. Clockwise from right:Concord grapes, persimmon, red gooseberries, red currants top Four fruits that are true berries size not to scale. Clockwise from right: Concord grapes, persimmon, red gooseberries, red currants top The word berry has two meanings: one based on a botanical definition, the other on common identification. True botanical berries are a simple fruit having seeds and pulp produced from a single ovary. In common parlance, however, berries are more broadly recognized as small, round or semi-oblong, usually brightly colored, sweet or sour fruit desirable in a healthy diet. Contents 1 True berries 1.1 Modified berries 2 Common usage 2.1 Not a botanical berry 3 Notes 4 See also 5 External links True berries Several types of common berries, none of which is a berry by botanical definition:The blueberry is a false berry, raspberries and blackberries are aggregate fruit, and strawberries are accessory fruit. Several types of common berries, none of which is a berry by botanical definition: The blueberry is a false berry, raspberries and blackberries are aggregate fruit, and strawberries are accessory fruit. In botany, the berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit in which the entire ovary wall ripens into an edible pericarp. The flowers of these plants have a superior ovary and one or more carpels within a thin covering and fleshy interiors. The seeds are embedded in the common flesh of the ovary. Examples of botanical berries include the tomato, grape, lychee, loquat, lucuma, plantain, avocado, persimmon, eggplant, guava, uchuva ground cherry, and chili pepper. Modified berries The fruit of citrus, such as the orange, kumquat and lemon, is a modified berry called a hesperidium. The fruit of cucumbers and their relatives are modified berries called pepoes. A plant that bears berries is referred to as bacciferous. True berries are distinguishable from false berries like blueberries and cranberries for which the fruit is formed from other parts of the flower, not just the ovary. Also not true berries, aggregate fruits like raspberries are collections of small fruits, and accessory fruits like strawberries are formed from parts of the plant other than the flower. As explained below, none of these is a true berry. Common usage In common parlance, berry refers to any small, sweet, juicy and brightly-colored fruit. By contrasting in color with their background, berries are more attractive to animals that eat them, aiding in the dispersal of the plant's seeds. Most berries are edible, but some are poisonous. Berry colors are due to natural pigments synthesized by the plant. Medical research1 has uncovered medicinal properties of pigmented polyphenols, such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins and other phytochemicals localized mainly in berry skins and seeds. Berry pigments are usually antioxidants and thus have oxygen radical absorbance capacity ORAC that is high among plant foods.2 Together with good nutrient content, ORAC distinguishes several berries within a new category of functional foods called superfruits, a rapidly-growing multi-billion dollar industry that began in 20053 and is identified by DataMonitor as one of the top 10 food categories for growth in 20084. A 2007 report combined four criteria - nutrient content, antioxidant qualities, medical research intensity and commercial success - giving an approximate rank of commercial activity for six exotic superfruits, including three berries - wolfberry, sea buckthorn and açaà - as the highest rated5. From 2007-8 medical literature discussing berry nutrients and potential health properties, grape, strawberry, cranberry and blueberry are the most favored research topics among berries currently6. Not a botanical berry Many berries are not actual berries by the scientific definition, but fall into one of these categories: False berries like blueberry and cranberry, are epigynous, made from a part of the plant other than a single ovary. Compound fruit, which includes: Aggregate fruit are multiple fruits with seeds from different ovaries of a single flower, such as blackberry, raspberry, and boysenberry Multiple fruit, being the fruits of separate flowers, packed closely together. The mulberry, for example, is essentially like a cluster of grapes, but tiny and compressed into one berry1. Other accessory fruit, where the edible part is not generated by the ovary, such as the strawberry for which the seed-like achenes are actually the fruit derived from the ovary. Botanical parlance True berry Pepo Hesperidium False berry Epigynous Aggregate fruit Multiple fruit Other accessory fruit Common parlance Berry Blackcurrant, Redcurrant, Gooseberry Cranberry, Blueberry Blackberry, Raspberry, Boysenberry Mulberry Strawberry Not a berry Tomato, Eggplant, Guava, Lucuma, Chili pepper, Pomegranate, Avocado, Kiwifruit, Grape Pumpkin, Gourd, Cucumber, Melon Orange, Lemon, Lime, Grapefruit Banana Hedge apple Pineapple, Fig Apple, Peach, Cherry, Green bean, Sunflower seed Alaska wild berries from the Innoko National Wildlife Refuge. Alaska wild berries from the Innoko National Wildlife Refuge. Notes ^ Gross PM 2007-07-09. Scientists zero in on health benefits of berry pigments. Natural Products Information Center. Retrieved on 2007-07-31. ^ Wu X, Beecher GR, Holden JM, Haytowitz DB, Gebhardt SE, Prior RL 2004-06-16. Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of common foods in the United States. J Agric Food Chem 2004 Jun 16;5212:4026-37.. Retrieved on 2007-07-31. ^ Gross PM 2007-02-26. Superfruits take center stage: Defining an emergent category. Natural Products Information Center. Retrieved on 2007-07-31. ^ Fresh, super and organic top trends for 2008, FoodNavigator.com-USA, November 2007 ^ Gross PM. Tracking market meteors: exotic superfruits. Natural Products Insider, November 16, 2007 ^ Gross PM. Berry research breakthroughs: ten trendsetters of 2007-8 Natural Products Information Center, June 2008 See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Berries List of fruits Epigynous berry Accessory fruit Aggregate fruit Multiple fruit External links The National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens - Description of berries Encarta.msn.com - Differentiation between true berries, pepos, and hesperidia United States National Berry Crops Initiative Berry Health Benefits Network - Scientists working on the health properties of berries v d e Types of fruits Berries · False berries · Hesperidia · Drupes · Pomes · Compound fruits · Multiple fruits · Accessory fruit Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Berry Categories: Berries | Plant morphology Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Bân-lâm-gú Brezhoneg Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Ido Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქáƒ?რთული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Nouormand Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English Suomi Svenska УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 11 August 2008, at 10:52
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