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20-September-2008 09:29:04 - Boxthorn Boxthorn African Boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Subclass: Asteraceae unranked Euasterids I Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Tribe: Lycieae Genus: Lycium L. Species About 90, see text Boxthorn Lycium is a genus of the nightshade family Solanaceae, containing about 90 species of plants native throughout much of the temperate and subtropical zones of the world. They are mostly found in dry, semi-saline environments. Other common names include desert-thorn, Christmas berry, wolfberry, Matrimony vine, and the confusing Tea-tree it is not related to tea or the Melaleuca tea trees, and with Lycium foliage being toxicverification needed, should not be used as such. Goji is a common English name made popular by several American-made juices and dried berries sometimes branded as Tibetan or Himalayan goji berries, although these terms do not geographically represent where the berries actually originate1. There are ~20 species in North America, ~30 species in South America, ~30 species in Africa, ~10 species in Eurasia, and one species in Australia. Grabowskia and Phrodus join Lycium in the tribe Lycieae, and are the genera most closely related to boxthorn. Contents 1 Description 2 Uses 3 Ecology 4 Selected species 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links Description Lycium barbarum flower Lycium barbarum flower They are long-lived, perennial, thorny shrubs, with deciduous alternate, simple leaves 1-8 cm long. The flowers are solitary or in small clusters, 6-25 mm diameter, with a corolla of five purple, white or greenish-white petals joined together at their bases. The fruit is fleshy, multiseeded berry 8-20 mm diameter that may be red, yellow, orange, purple or black. These fruit resemble nightshade and bittersweet berries. In some species called wolfberries or longevity fruit notably L. barbarum and L. chinense, the fruit is edible. Most species of Lycium are cosexual all flowers have both male and female function, however, several species exhibit sexual dimorphism. Evidence suggests that sexual dimorphism has evolved more than once in the genus. There are species that have both monecious and dioceous populations, most notably L. californicum. Uses The plant has been known to European herbalists since ancient times and was traded from the Far East to Europe by the Romans already, for example via Ariaca and the port of Barbarikon near today's Karachi, as mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. In his Naturalis historia, Pliny the Elder describes boxthorn as a medicinal plant recommended as a treatment for sore eyes and inflammation, as does Pedanius Dioscorides in his P. Dioscoridae pharmacorum simplicium reique medicae2. Boxthorn is mentioned in the biblical Book of Proverbs as besetting the paths of the wicked Proverbs 22:5. In his 1753 publication Species Plantarum, Linnaeus describes three Lycium species: L. afrum, L. barbarum, and L. europaeum2. L. barbarum wolfberries L. barbarum wolfberries The fruit, leavesverification needed, and bark of certain species have been used in China throughout more than 2,000 years of recorded history. Wolfberries are known in China as gÇ’u qÇ? zÇ? 枸æ?žå?, and are processed into herbal teas, soups, juices, and alcoholic beverages. The bark is also used, it is known in Chinese as dì gÇ” pà 地骨皮. The berries may also be used whole; in traditional Chinese medicine they are always cooked, boiled either by themselves or in combination with other herbs; or as an ingredient in a soup. Whole wolfberries are used in this way for a variety of purposes in traditional Korean medicine and traditional Tibetan medicine, where boxthorn is called dre-tsher-ma ghost thorn. It is a rare ingredient in kampÅ? traditional Japanese medicine, where the fruit is called kukoshi クコシ and the bark jikoppi ジコッピ; these terms are derived from the Chinese names. The berry has a complex, rich nutrient and phytochemical profile among which its active ingredients include multiple essential vitamins, minerals, sources of dietary fiber, protein and numerous carotenoids, polyphenols, and polysaccharides3. Boxdorn preparations are considered an adaptogen and wolfberries are a possible superfruit with high health and commercial value. Ecology Due to its ecologial requirements, boxthorns may be useful as a crop in arid regions. However, at least African Boxthorn L. ferocissimum has shown to be able to spread uncontrollably and become an invasive weed in Australia. Lycium species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora vigilis recorded on L. ferocissimum. Selected species Flowering Lycium intricatum Flowering Lycium intricatum Lycium sandwicense with fruit Lycium sandwicense with fruit Lycium acutifolium Lycium afrum L. Lycium ameghinoi Lycium amoenum Lycium andersonii Lycium arenicola Lycium australe F.Muell. Lycium barbarum - Duke of Argyll's Teaplant, Ningxia Wolfberry Lycium bosciifolium Lycium berlandieri Lycium californicum Lycium carolinianum Lycium chilense Lycium chinense - Chinese Teaplant, Wolfberry Lycium cinereum Lycium decumbens Lycium depressum Lycium eenii Lycium europaeum syn. L. intricatum Lycium exsertum Lycium ferocissimum - African Boxthorn Lycium fremontii Lycium gariepense Lycium grandicalyx Lycium horridum Lycium hirsutum Lycium macrodon Lycium mascarenense Lycium nodosum Lycium oxycarpum Dunal Lycium pallidum Lycium pilifolium Lycium pumilum Lycium ruthenicum Lycium sandwicense - ʻŌhelo kai seaside Ê»Å?helo Lycium schizocalyx Lycium schweinfurthii Lycium shawii Lycium sokotranum Lycium strandveldense Lycium tenue Lycium tenuispinosum Lycium tetrandrum Lycium villosum Lycium eleagnus, Lycium eleganus and Lycium eleganus barbarum are obsolete or invented names often used to promote authentic Tibetan goji1. Lycium foetidum and L. japonicum are junior synonyms of Serissa foetida = S. japonica. See also Bushroot, a fictional character; the mad scientist from Darkwing Duck who transformed himself into the fictional boxthorn-duck chimera Lycium nycanthropus Earl Mindell Footnotes ^ a b Gross 2007 ^ a b Hitchcock 1932 ^ Dharmananda 1997, Gross et al. 2006 References Dharmananda, Subhuti 1997: Lycium Fruit. Retrieved 2007-OCT-17. Gross, Paul M. 2007: Goji: What It Is ... and Isn't. Version of 2007-09-04. Retrieved 2007-OCT-17. Gross, Paul M.; Zhang, Xiaoping Zhang, Richard 2006. Wolfberry: Nature's Bounty of Nutrition Health. BookSurge Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina, United States. ISBN 1419620487 Hitchcock, Charles Leo 1932: A Monographic Study of the Genus Lycium of the Western Hemisphere. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 192/3: 179-348 + 350-366. doi:10.2307/2394155 First page image External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lycium Lycium species records from GRIN Project Lycieae Homepage Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Boxthorn Categories: Solanaceae | Medicinal plantsHidden categories: All pages needing cleanup | articles needing factual verification since October 2007 | All pages needing factual verification Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Dansk Deutsch Español Français עברית Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Türkçe This page was last modified on 25 July 2008, at 22:02
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