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20-September-2008 09:29:04 - Colon anatomy This article is about a part of the digestive system. For other uses, see Colon disambiguation. Colon anatomy Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for liver, stomach, and large intestine. Gray's subject #249 1177 Dorlands/Elsevier c_47/12249855 The colon is a storage tube for solid wastes. The main function of the colon appears to be extraction of water and salts from feces. In mammals, it consists of the ascending colon, transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon. The colon from cecum to the splenic flexure the junction between the transverse and descending colon is also known as the right colon. The remainder is known as the left colon. Contents 1 Anatomy 1.1 Ascending colon 2 Function 3 Pathology 4 References 5 Additional images 6 External links Anatomy The location of the parts of the colon are either in the abdominal cavity or behind it in the retroperitoneum. The colon in those areas is fixed in location. Arterial supply to the colon comes from branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Flow between these two systems communicates via a marginal artery that runs parallel to the colon for its entire length. Historically, it has been believed that the arc of Riolan, or the meandering mesenteric artery of Moskowitz, is a variable vessel connecting the proximal SMA to the proximal IMA that can be extremely important if either vessel is occluded. However, recent studies conducted with improved imaging technology have questioned the actual existence of this vessel, with some experts calling for the abolition of the terms from future medical literature. Venous drainage usually mirrors colonic arterial supply, with the inferior mesenteric vein draining into the splenic vein, and the superior mesenteric vein joining the splenic vein to form the portal vein that then enters the liver. Lymphatic drainage from the entire colon and proximal two-thirds of the rectum is to the paraortic nodes that then drain into the cisterna chyli. The lymph from the remaining rectum and anus can either follow the same route, or drain to the internal illiac and superficial inguinal nodes. The dentate line only roughly marks this transition. Ascending colon The ascending colon, on the right side of the abdomen, is about 12.5 cm long. It is the part of the colon from the cecum to the hepatic flexure the turn of the colon by the liver. It is retroperitoneal in most humans. In ruminant grazing animals the cecum empties into the spiral colon. Anteriorly it is related to the coils of small intestine, the right edge of the greater omentum, and the anterior abdominal wall. Posteriorly, it is related to the iliacus, the iliolumbar ligament, the quadratus lumborum, the transverse abdominis, the diaphragm at the tip o Function The large intestine comes after the small intestine in the digestive tract and measures approximately 1.5 meters in length. Although there are differences in the large intestine between different organisms, the large intestine is mainly responsible for storing waste, reclaiming water, maintaining the water balance, and absorbing some vitamins, such as vitamin K. By the time the chyme has reached this tube, almost all nutrients and 90% of the water have been absorbed by the body. At this point some electrolytes like sodium, magnesium, and chloride are left as well as indigestible carbohydrates known as dietary fiber. As the chyme moves through the large intestine, most of the remaining water is removed, while the chyme is mixed with mucus and bacteria known as gut flora, and becomes feces. The bacteria break down some of the fiber for their own nourishment and create acetate, propionate, and butyrate as waste products, which in turn are used by the cell lining of the colon for nourishment. This is an example of a symbiotic relationship and provides about one hundred calories a day to the body. The large intestine produces no digestive enzymes - chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine. The pH in the colon varies between 5.5 and 7 slightly acidic to neutral. Pathology There are a number of diseases or disorders of the colon: Angiodysplasia of the colon Chronic functional abdominal pain Colitis Colon cancer Constipation Crohn's disease Diarrhea Diverticulitis Diverticulosis Hirschsprung's disease aganglionosis Intussusception Irritable bowel syndrome Polyposis see also Colorectal polyp Pseudomembranous colitis Ulcerative colitis and toxic megacolon References Additional images Intestines Scheme External links Overview and diagrams at seer.cancer.gov 09-118h. at Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Home ion MeSH Large+Intestine Virtual Slidebox at Univ. Iowa Slide 393 SUNY Labs 37:13-0100 - Abdominal Cavity: The Colon and its Divisions Video: What is Colorectal Cancer? v d e Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract Upper GI To stomach Mouth Pharynx nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx Esophagus UES, LES Crop Stomach rugae - gastric pits - cardia/gland - fundus/gland - pylorus/gland - pyloric antrum - pyloric canal - greater curvature - lesser curvature - angular incisure Lower GI Intestine: small Duodenum Suspensory muscle, Major duodenal papilla, Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Jejunum Ileum Ileocecal valve continuous intestinal villus, crypts of Lieberkühn, circular folds Intestine: large Vermiform appendix Cecum Colon ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon continuous taenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendix Termination Rectum: Houston valve rectal ampulla pectinate line Anal canal: anal valves anal sinuses anal columns Hilton's white line Anus: Sphincter ani internus muscle Sphincter ani externus muscle Lymph GALT: Peyer's patches M cells Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Colon_anatomy Categories: Abdomen | Digestive system Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Bosanski Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Latina МакедонÑ?ки ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Nederlands 日本語 Uyghurche‎ / ئۇيغۇرچە Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Svenska ייִדיש ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 14 August 2008, at 21:55
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