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20-September-2008 09:29:10 - Compressive strength Compressive strength is the capacity of a material to withstand axially directed pushing forces. When the limit of compressive strength is reached, materials are crushed. Concrete can be made to have high compressive strength, e.g. many concrete structures have compressive strengths in excess of 50 MPa, whereas a material such as soft sandstone may have a compressive strength as low as 5 or 10 MPa. Compare tensile strength. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Compressive Strength 3 Deviation of engineering stress from true stress 4 Comparison of compressive and tensile strengths 5 Compressive strength of just the one material 6 See also 7 References Introduction Tension Tension Compression Compression When a specimen of material is loaded in such a way that it extends it is said to be in tension. On the other hand if the material compresses and shortens it is said to be in compression. On an atomic level, the molecules or atoms are forced apart when in tension whereas in compression they are forced together. Since atoms in solids always try to find an equilibrium position and distance between other atoms forces arise throughout the entire material which oppose both tension or compression. The phenomena prevailing on an atomic level are therefore similar. On a macroscopic scale, these aspects are also reflected in the fact that the properties of most common materials in tension and compression are quite similar. Of course, the major difference between the two types of loading is the strain which would have opposite signs for tension positive and compression negative. Compressive Strength By definition, the compressive strength of a material is that value of uniaxial compressive stress reached when the material fails completely. The compressive strength is usually obtained experimentally by means of a compressive test. The apparatus used for this experiment is the same as that used in a tensile test. However, rather than applying a uniaxial tensile load, a uniaxial compressive load is applied. As can be imagined, the specimen Usually cylindrical is shortened as well as spread laterally. A Stress-strain curve is plotted by the instrument and would look similar to the following: Engineering Stress-Strain curve for a typical specimen Engineering Stress-Strain curve for a typical specimen The compressive strength of the material would correspond to the stress at the red point shown on the curve. Even in a compression test, there is a linear region where the material follows Hooke's Law. Hence for this region σ = Eε where this time E refers to the Young's Modulus for compression. This linear region terminates at what is known as the yield point. Above this point the material behaves plastically and will not return to its original length once the load is removed. There is a difference between the engineering stress and the true stress. By its basic definition the uniaxial stress is given by: \sigma = \fracFA where, F = Load applied N, A = Area m2 As we said, the area of the specimen varies on compression. In reality therefore the area is some function of the applied load i.e. A = fF. Indeed, we can however say that the stress is defined as the force divided by the area at the start of the experiment. This is known as the engineering stress and is defined by, \sigma_e = \fracFA_0 A0=Original specimen area m2 Correspondingly, the engineering strain would be defined by: \epsilon_e = \fracl-l_0l_0 where l = current specimen length m and l0 = original specimen length m The compressive stress would therefore correspond to the point on the engineering stress strain curve \epsilon_e^,\sigma_e^ defined by \sigma_e^ = \fracF^A_0 \epsilon_e^ = \fracl^-l_0l_0 where F = load applied just before crushing and l = specimen length just before crushing. Deviation of engineering stress from true stress In engineering design practice we mostly rely on the engineering stress. In reality, the true stress is different from the engineering stress. Hence calculating the compressive strength of a material from the given equations will not yield an accurate result. This is of course because the cross sectional area A0 changes and is some function of load A = φF. The difference in values may therefore be summarized as follows: On compression, the specimen will shorten. The material will tend to spread in the lateral direction and hence increase the cross sectional area. In a compression test the specimen is clamped at the edges. For this reason, a frictional force arises which will oppose the lateral spread. This means that work has to be done to oppose this frictional force hence increasing the energy consumed during the process. This results in a slightly inaccurate value of stress which is obtained from the experiment. As a final note, it should be mentioned that the frictional force mentioned in the second point is not constant for the entire cross section of the specimen. It varies from a minimum at the centre to a maximum at the edges. Due to this a phenomenon known as barrelling occurs where the specimen attains a barrel shape hence its name. Barrelling of specimen Barrelling of specimen Comparison of compressive and tensile strengths In general, compressive strengths are usually greater than tensile strengths.citation needed An example of a material with a much higher compressive strength than tensile strength is concrete. Ceramics typically have a much higher compressive strength than tensile strength. Composite materials tend to have higher tensile strengths than compressive strengths. One such example is glass fiber epoxy matrix composite. Compressive strength of just the one material Material Compressive strength M40 CONCRETE 37MPa 1 Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. April 2008 See also Buckling Deformation Strength of materials References Mikell P.Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing, John Wiley Sons, 2002 U.S.A, ISBN 0-471-40051-3 Callister W.D. Jr., Materials Science Engineering an Introduction, John Wiley Sons, 2003 U.S.A, ISBN 0-471-22471-5 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Compressive_strength Categories: Materials scienceHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since March 2008 | Articles to be expanded since April 2008 | All articles to be expanded Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Dansk Deutsch Nederlands Simple English This page was last modified on 31 July 2008, at 10:12
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