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20-September-2008 09:29:08 - Hydroxyl radical This article is about the Hydroxyl radical molecule. For the hydroxyl functional group, see Hydroxyl. Hydroxyl in chemistry describes a molecule consisting of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom joined by a covalent bond. The neutral form is known as a hydroxyl radical and the singly-charged hydroxyl anion is called hydroxide. When its oxygen atom is covalently bonded within a larger molecule, the hydroxyl group either is, or otherwise is part of, a functional group HO- or -OH . Contents 1 Hydroxyl group 2 Hydroxyl radical 2.1 Atmospheric importance 2.2 Biological significance 3 See also 4 External links Hydroxyl group Main article: Hydroxyl The term hydroxyl group is used to describe the functional group -OH when it is a substituent in an organic compound. Organic molecules containing a hydroxyl group, such that the hydroxyl has a negative inductive effect, are known as alcohols the simplest of which have the formula CnH2n+1-OH. Hydroxyl radical Molecular orbital of the hydroxyl radical with unpaired electron Molecular orbital of the hydroxyl radical with unpaired electron Skeletal formulae of 1-hydroxy-21H-pyridinethione and its tautomer Skeletal formulae of 1-hydroxy-21H-pyridinethione and its tautomer The hydroxyl radical, OH, is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion. Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short-lived; however, they form an important part of radical chemistry. Most notably hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydro-peroxides ROOH or, in atmospheric chemistry, by the reaction of excited atomic oxygen with water. It is also an important radical formed in radiation chemistry, since it leads to the formation of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, which can enhance corrosion and SCC in coolant systems subjected to radioactive environments. In organic synthesis hydroxyl radicals are most commonly generated by photolysis of 1-Hydroxy-21H-pyridinethione. Atmospheric importance The Hydroxyl radical is often referred to as the detergent of the troposphere because it reacts with many pollutants, often acting as the first step to their removal. The first reaction with many volatile organic compounds VOCs is the removal of a hydrogen atom forming water and an alkyl radical R·. OH + RH → H2O + R· The alkyl radical will typically react rapidly with oxygen forming a peroxy radical. R· + O2 → RO2 The fate of this radical in the troposphere is dependent on factors such as the amount of sunlight light from the sun, pollution in the atmosphere and the nature of the alkyl radical that formed it. Biological significance The hydroxyl radical has a very short in vivo half-life of approx. 10-9 s and a high reactivity. This makes it a very dangerous compound to the organism. Unlike superoxide, which can be detoxified by superoxide dismutase, the hydroxyl radical cannot be eliminated by an enzymatic reaction, as this would require its diffusion to the enzyme's active site. As diffusion is slower than the half-life of the molecule, it will react with any oxidizable compound in its vicinity. It can damage virtually all types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, nucleic acids mutations, lipids lipid peroxidation and amino acids e.g. conversion of Phe to m-Tyrosine and o-Tyrosine. The only means to protect important cellular structures is the use of antioxidants such as glutathione and of effective repair systems. See also Hydroxyl ion absorption Hydrogen darkening External links Hydroxyl found in atmosphere of Venus Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical Categories: Hydroxides | Functional groups | Alcohols Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Català Česky Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 27 July 2008, at 23:2
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