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20-September-2008 09:29:05 - Iron Fe redirects here. For other uses, see Fe disambiguation. For other uses, see Iron disambiguation. 26 manganese â†? iron → cobalt - ↑ Fe ↓ Ru Iron in the periodic table of the elements Periodic table - Extended periodic table General Name, symbol, number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55.8452 g·mol-1 Electron configuration Ar 3d6 4s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 14, 2 Physical properties Phase solid Density near r.t. 7.874 g·cm-3 Liquid density at m.p. 6.98 g·cm-3 Melting point 1811 K 1538 °C, 2800 °F Boiling point 3134 K 2862 °C, 5182 °F Heat of fusion 13.81 kJ·mol-1 Heat of vaporization 340 kJ·mol-1 Specific heat capacity 25 °C 25.10 J·mol-1·K-1 Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 1728 1890 2091 2346 2679 3132 Atomic properties Crystal structure body-centered cubic a=286.65 pm; face-centered cubic between 1185-1667 K Oxidation states 6, 5 1, 4, 3, 2, 1 2 amphoteric oxide Electronegativity 1.83 Pauling scale Ionization energies more 1st: 762.5 kJ·mol-1 2nd: 1561.9 kJ·mol-1 3rd: 2957 kJ·mol-1 Atomic radius 140 pm Atomic radius calc. 156 pm Covalent radius 125 pm Miscellaneous Magnetic ordering ferromagnetic 1043 K Electrical resistivity 20 °C 96.1 nΩ·m Thermal conductivity 300 K 80.4 W·m-1·K-1 Thermal expansion 25 °C 11.8 µm·m-1·K-1 Speed of sound thin rod r.t. electrolytic 5120 m·s-1 Young's modulus 211 GPa Shear modulus 82 GPa Bulk modulus 170 GPa Poisson ratio 0.29 Mohs hardness 4.0 Vickers hardness 608 MPa Brinell hardness 490 MPa CAS registry number 7439-89-6 Selected isotopes Main article: Isotopes of iron iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 54Fe 5.8% 3.1×1022y 2ε capture ? 54Cr 55Fe syn 2.73 y ε capture 0.231 55Mn 56Fe 91.72% 56Fe is stable with 30 neutrons 57Fe 2.2% 57Fe is stable with 31 neutrons 58Fe 0.28% 58Fe is stable with 32 neutrons 59Fe syn 44.503 d β- 1.565 59Co 60Fe syn 1.5×106 y β- 3.978 60Co References This box: view talk Iron pronounced /ˈаɪɚn/ is a chemical element with the symbol Fe Latin: ferrum and atomic number 26. Iron is a group 8 and period 4 element. Iron is a lustrous, silvery soft metal. It is one of the few ferromagnetic elements. Iron and nickel are notable for being the final elements produced by stellar nucleosynthesis, and are therefore the heaviest elements which do not require a red giant or supernova for formation. Iron and nickel are therefore the most abundant metals in metallic meteorites and in the dense-metal cores of planets such as Earth. Iron and iron alloys are also the most common source of ferromagnetic materials in everyday use. Contents 1 Occurrence 2 Characteristics 3 Allotropes 4 Applications 4.1 Iron compounds 5 History 6 Production of iron from iron ore 6.1 Blast furnace 6.2 Further processes 7 Isotopes 8 Iron in organic synthesis 9 Iron in biology 9.1 Nutrition and dietary sources 9.2 Regulation of iron uptake 10 See also 11 Bibliography 12 References 13 External links Occurrence See also: Category:Iron minerals Iron is believed to be the sixth most abundant element in the universe, formed as the final act of nucleosynthesis by carbon burning in massive stars. While it makes up about 5% of the Earth's crust, the earth's core is believed to consist largely of an iron-nickel alloy constituting 35% of the mass of the Earth as a whole. Iron is consequently the most abundant element on Earth, but only the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust.1 Most of the iron in the crust is found combined with oxygen as iron oxide minerals such as hematite and magnetite. About 1 in 20 meteorites consist of the unique iron-nickel minerals taenite 35-80% iron and kamacite 90-95% iron. Although rare, meteorites are the major form of natural metallic iron on the earth's surface. The reason for Mars' red colour is thought to be an iron-oxide-rich soil. The red appearance of this water is due to iron in the rocks. The red appearance of this water is due to iron in the rocks. Characteristics Iron is a metal extracted mainly from the iron ore hematite. It oxidises readily in air and water to form Fe2O3 and is rarely found as a free element. In order to obtain elemental iron, oxygen and other impurities must be removed by chemical reduction. The properties of iron can be modified by alloying it with various other metals and some non-metals, notably carbon and silicon to form steels. Nuclei of iron have some of the highest binding energies per nucleon, surpassed only by the nickel isotope 62Ni. The universally most abundant of the highly stable nuclides is, however, 56Fe. This is formed by nuclear fusion in stars. Although a further tiny energy gain could be extracted by synthesizing 62Ni, conditions in stars are unsuitable for this process to be favoured, and iron abundance on Earth greatly favors iron over nickel, and also presumably in supernova element production.2 Iron as Fe2+, ferrous ion is a necessary trace element used by almost all living organisms. The only exceptions are several organisms that live in iron-poor environments and have evolved to use different elements in their metabolic processes, such as manganese instead of iron for catalysis, or hemocyanin instead of hemoglobin. Iron-containing enzymes, usually containing heme prosthetic groups, participate in catalysis of oxidation reactions in biology, and in transport of a number of soluble gases. See hemoglobin, cytochrome, and catalase. Allotropes Main article: Allotropes of iron Iron represents perhaps the best-known example of allotropy in a metal. There are three allotropic forms of iron, known as alpha, gamma, and delta. As molten iron cools down it crystallises at 1538°C into its delta allotrope, which has a body-centred cubic BCC crystal structure. As it cools further its crystal structure changes to face-centred cubic FCC at 1394°C, when it is known as gamma-iron, or austenite. At 912°C the crystal structure again becomes BCC as alpha-iron is formed, and at 770°C the Curie point, Tc the iron becomes magnetic. As the iron passes through the Curie temperature there is no change in crystalline structure, but there is a change in 'domain structure', where each domain contains iron atoms with a particular electronic spin. In unmagnetised iron, all the electronic spins of the atoms within one domain are in the same direction; however, in neighbouring domains they point in various directions and thus cancel out. In magnetised iron, the electronic spins of all the domains are all aligned, so that the magnetic effects of neighbouring domains reinforce each other. Although each domain contains billions of atoms, they are very small, about one thousandth of a centimetre across. Iron is of most importance when mixed with certain other metals and with carbon to form steels. There are many types of steels, all with different properties; and an understanding of the properties of the allotropes of iron is key to the manufacture of good quality steels. Alpha iron, also known as ferrite, is the most stable form of iron at normal temperatures. It is a fairly soft metal that can dissolve only a small concentration of carbon no more than 0.021% by mass at 910 °C. Above 912°C and up to 1401°C alpha iron undergoes a phase transition from body-centred cubic to the face-centred cubic configuration of gamma iron, also called austenite. This is similarly soft and metallic but can dissolve considerably more carbon as much as 2.04% by mass at 1146°C. This form of iron is used in the type of stainless steel used for making cutlery, and hospital and food-service equipment. Applications Iron is the most widely used of all the metals, accounting for 95% of worldwide metal production. Its low cost and high strength make it indispensable in engineering applications such as the construction of machinery and machine tools, automobiles, the hulls of large ships, and structural components for buildings. Since pure iron is quite soft, it is most commonly used in the form of steel. Some of the forms in which iron is produced commercially include: Pig iron has 3.5-4.5% carbon3 and contains varying amounts of contaminants such as sulfur, silicon and phosphorus. Its only significance is that of an intermediate step on the way from iron ore to cast iron and steel. Cast iron contains 2-4% carbon, 1-6% silicon, and small amounts of manganese. Contaminants present in pig iron that negatively affect material properties, such as sulfur and phosphorus, have been reduced to an acceptable level. It has a melting point in the range of 1420-1470 K, which is lower than either of its two main components, and makes it the first product to be melted when carbon and iron are heated together. Its mechanical properties vary greatly, dependent upon the form carbon takes in the alloy. 'White' cast irons contain their carbon in the form of cementite, or iron carbide. This hard, brittle compound dominates the mechanical properties of white cast irons, rendering them hard, but unresistant to shock. The broken surface of a white cast iron is full of fine facets of the broken carbide, a very pale, silvery, shiny material, hence the appellation. In grey iron the carbon exists free as fine flakes of graphite, and also renders the material brittle due to the stress-raising nature of the sharp edged flakes of graphite. A newer variant of grey iron, referred to as ductile iron is specially treated with trace amounts of magnesium to alter the shape of graphite to spheroids, or nodules, vastly increasing the toughness and strength of the material. Wrought iron contains less than 0.25% carbon.3 It is a tough, malleable product, but not as fusible as pig iron. If honed to an edge, it loses it quickly. Wrought iron is characterised by the presence of fine fibers of slag entrapped in the metal. Wrought iron is more corrosion resistant than steel. It has been almost completely replaced by mild steel for traditional wrought iron products and blacksmithing. Mild steel does not have the same corrosion resistance but is cheaper and more widely available. Carbon steel contains 2.0% carbon or less,4 with small amounts of manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon. Alloy steels contain varying amounts of carbon as well as other metals, such as chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, etc. They are used for structural purposes, as their alloy content raises their cost and necessitates justification of their use. Recent developments in ferrous metallurgy have produced a growing range of microalloyed steels, also termed 'HSLA' or high-strength, low alloy steels, containing tiny additions to produce high strengths and often spectacular toughness at minimal cost. IronIII oxides are used in the production of magnetic storage media in computers. They are often mixed with other compounds, and retain their magnetic properties in solution. The main disadvantage of iron and steel is that pure iron, and most of its alloys, suffer badly from rust if not protected in some way. Painting, galvanization, passivation, plastic coating and bluing are some techniques used to protect iron from rust by excluding water and oxygen or by sacrificial protection. Iron compounds Iron chloride hexahydrate Iron chloride hexahydrate Iron oxides FeO, Fe3O4, and Fe2O3 are ores used for iron production see bloomery and blast furnace. They are common components of terrestrial rocks. IronIII acetate FeC2H3O23 is used in the dyeing of cloth. IronIII ammonium oxalate FeNH43C2O44 is used in blueprints. IronIII arsenate FeAsO4 is used in insecticide. IronIII chloride FeCl3 is used: in water purification and sewage treatment, in the dyeing of cloth, as a coloring agent in paints, as an additive in animal feed, and as an etching material for engravement, photography and printed circuits. IronIII chromate Fe2CrO43 is used as a yellow pigment for paints and ceramic. IronIII hydroxide FeOH3 is used as a brown pigment for rubber and in water purification systems. IronIII phosphate FePO4 is used in fertilizer and as an additive in human and animal food. IronII acetate FeC2H3O22 is used in the dyeing of fabrics and leather, and as a wood preservative. IronII gluconate FeC6H11O72 is used as a dietary supplement in iron pills. IronII oxalate FeC2O4 is used as yellow pigment for paints, plastics, glass and ceramic, and in photography. IronII sulfate FeSO4 is used in water purification and sewage treatment systems, as a catalyst in the production of ammonia, as an ingredient in fertilizer and herbicide, as an additive in animal feed, in wood preservative and as an additive to flour to increase iron levels. Experimental iron fertilization of areas of the ocean using ironII sulfate has proven successful in increasing plankton growth.567 Iron-Fluorine complex FeF63- is found in solutions containing both FeIII ions and fluoride ions. History Main article: History of ferrous metallurgy The symbol for Mars has been used since ancient times to represent iron. The symbol for Mars has been used since ancient times to represent iron. The puddling process of smelting iron ore to make wrought iron from pig iron, with the right illustration displaying men working a blast furnace, from the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia, published 1637 by Song Yingxing. The puddling process of smelting iron ore to make wrought iron from pig iron, with the right illustration displaying men working a blast furnace, from the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia, published 1637 by Song Yingxing. The first iron used by mankind during prehistory came from meteors. The smelting of iron in bloomeries probably began in Anatolia, India or the Caucasus in the second millennium BC or the later part of the preceding one.citation needed Cast iron was first produced in China about 550 BC, but not in Europe until the medieval period. During the medieval period, means were found in Europe of producing wrought iron from cast iron in this context known as pig iron using finery forges. For all these processes, charcoal was required as fuel. Steel with a smaller carbon content than pig iron but more than wrought iron was first produced in antiquity. New methods of producing it by carburizing bars of iron in the cementation process were devised in the 17th century AD. In the Industrial Revolution, new methods of producing bar iron without charcoal were devised and these were later applied to produce steel. In the late 1850s, Henry Bessemer invented a new steelmaking process, involving blowing air through molten pig iron, to produce mild steel. This and other 19th century and later processes have led to wrought iron no longer being produced. Production of iron from iron ore See also: Iron ore The production of iron or steel is a process unless the desired final product is cast iron. The first stage is to produce pig iron in a blast furnace. The second is to make wrought iron or steel from pig iron by a further process. Blast furnace Main article: Blast furnace How Iron was extracted in the 19th century How Iron was extracted in the 19th century Iron output in 2005 Iron output in 2005 This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production. This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production. Ninety percent of all mining of metallic ores is for the extraction of iron. Industrially, iron is produced starting from iron ores, principally haematite nominally Fe2O3 and magnetite Fe3O4 by a carbothermic reaction reduction with carbon in a blast furnace at temperatures of about 2000 °C. In a blast furnace, iron ore, carbon in the form of coke, and a flux such as limestone which is used to remove impurities in the ore which would otherwise clog the furnace with solid material are fed into the top of the furnace, while a blast of heated air is forced into the furnace at the bottom. In the furnace, the coke reacts with oxygen in the air blast to produce carbon monoxide: 2 C + O2 → 2 CO The carbon monoxide reduces the iron ore in the chemical equation below, hematite to molten iron, becoming carbon dioxide in the process: 3 CO + 2Fe2O3 → 4 Fe + 3 CO2 The flux is present to melt impurities in the ore, principally silicon dioxide sand and other silicates. Common fluxes include limestone principally calcium carbonate and dolomite calcium-magnesium carbonate. Other fluxes may be used depending on the impurities that need to be removed from the ore. In the heat of the furnace the limestone flux decomposes to calcium oxide quicklime: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 Then calcium oxide combines with silicon dioxide to form a slag. CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3 The slag melts in the heat of the furnace. In the bottom of the furnace, the molten slag floats on top of the more dense molten iron, and apertures in the side of the furnace are opened to run off the iron and the slag separately. The iron once cooled, is called pig iron, while the slag can be used as a material in road construction or to improve mineral-poor soils for agriculture.citation needed In 2005, approximately 1,544 Mt million metric tons of iron ore were produced worldwide. China was the top producer of iron ore with at least one-fourth world share followed by Brazil, Australia and India, reports the British Geological Survey. Further processes Main articles: Steelmaking and Ironworks Pig iron is not pure iron, but has 4-5% carbon dissolved in it with small amounts of other impurities like sulfur, magnesium, phosphorus and manganese. As the carbon is the major impurity, the iron pig iron becomes brittle and hard. This form of iron is used to cast articles in foundries such as stoves, pipes, radiators, lamp-posts and rails. Alternatively pig iron may be made into steel with up to about 2% carbon or wrought iron commercially pure iron. Various processes have been used for this, including finery forges, puddling furnaces, Bessemer converters, open hearth furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, and electric arc furnaces. In all cases, the objective is to oxidise some or all of the carbon, together with other impurities. On the other hand, other metals may be added to make alloy steels. The hardness of the steel depends upon its carbon content. The higher the proportion of carbon, the greater the hardness and the lesser the ductility. The properties of the steel can also be changed by tempering it. To harden the steel, it is heated to red hot and then cooled by quenching it in the water. It becomes harder and more brittle. This steel is then heated to a required temperature and allowed to cool. The steel thus formed is less brittle. Isotopes Main article: Isotopes of iron Naturally occurring iron consists of four isotopes: 5.845% of radioactive 54Fe half-life: 3.1×1022 years, 91.754% of stable 56Fe, 2.119% of stable 57Fe and 0.282% of stable 58Fe. 60Fe is an extinct radionuclide of long half-life 1.5 million years. Much of the past work on measuring the isotopic composition of Fe has centered on determining 60Fe variations due to processes accompanying nucleosynthesis i.e., meteorite studies and ore formation. In the last decade however, advances in mass spectrometry technology have allowed the detection and quantification of minute, naturally occurring variations in the ratios of the stable isotopes of iron. Much of this work has been driven by the Earth and planetary science communities, although applications to biological and industrial systems are beginning to emerge.8 The isotope 56Fe is of particular interest to nuclear scientists. A common misconception is that this isotope represents the most stable nucleus possible, and that it thus would be impossible to perform fission or fusion on 56Fe and still liberate energy. This is not true, as both 62Ni and 58Fe are more stable, being the most stable nuclei. However, since 56Fe is much more easily produced from lighter nuclei in nuclear reactions, it is the endpoint of fusion chains inside extremely massive stars and is therefore common in the universe, relative to other metals. In phases of the meteorites Semarkona and Chervony Kut a correlation between the concentration of 60Ni, the daughter product of 60Fe, and the abundance of the stable iron isotopes could be found which is evidence for the existence of 60Fe at the time of formation of the solar system. Possibly the energy released by the decay of 60Fe contributed, together with the energy released by decay of the radionuclide 26Al, to the remelting and differentiation of asteroids after their formation 4.6 billion years ago. The abundance of 60Ni present in extraterrestrial material may also provide further insight into the origin of the solar system and its early history. Of the stable isotopes, only 57Fe has a nuclear spin -1/2. Iron in organic synthesis The use of iron metal filings in organic synthesis is mainly for the reduction of nitro compounds.9 Additionally, iron has been used for desulfurizations,10 reduction of aldehydes,11 and the deoxygenation of amine oxides.12 Iron in biology Structure of Heme b Structure of Heme b Main article: Human iron metabolism Iron is essential to nearly all known organisms. In cells, iron is generally stored in the centre of metalloproteins, because free iron -- which binds non-specifically to many cellular components -- can catalyse production of toxic free radicals. Iron deficiency can lead to iron deficiency anemia. In animals, plants, and fungi, iron is often incorporated into the heme complex. Heme is an essential component of cytochrome proteins, which mediate redox reactions, and of oxygen carrier proteins such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, and leghemoglobin. Inorganic iron also contributes to redox reactions in the iron-sulfur clusters of many enzymes, such as nitrogenase involved in the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen and hydrogenase. Non-heme iron proteins include the enzymes methane monooxygenase oxidizes methane to methanol, ribonucleotide reductase reduces ribose to deoxyribose; DNA biosynthesis, hemerythrins oxygen transport and fixation in marine invertebrates and purple acid phosphatase hydrolysis of phosphate esters. Iron distribution is heavily regulated in mammals, partly because iron has a high potential for biological toxicity. Iron distribution is also regulated because many bacteria require iron, so restricting its availability to bacteria generally by sequestering it inside cells can help to prevent or limit infections. This is probably the reason for the relatively low amounts of iron in mammalian milk. A major component of this regulation is the protein transferrin, which binds iron absorbed from the duodenum and carries it in the blood to cells.13 Nutrition and dietary sources Good sources of dietary iron include red meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, leaf vegetables, tofu, chickpeas, black-eyed peas, fortified bread and breakfast cereals. Iron in low amounts, is found in molasses, teff and farina. Iron in meat is more easily absorbed than iron in vegetables haem iron,14 but heme/hemoglobin from red meat has effects which may increase the likelihood of colorectal cancer.1516 Iron provided by dietary supplements is often found as iron II fumarate, although iron sulfate is cheaper and is absorbed equally well. Elemental iron, despite being absorbed to a much smaller extent stomach acid is sufficient to convert some of it to ferrous iron, is often added to foods such as breakfast cereals or enriched wheat flour where it is listed as reduced iron in the list of ingredients. Iron is most available to the body when chelated to amino acids - iron in this form is ten to fifteen times more bioavailable17 than any other, and is also available for use as a common iron supplement. Often the amino acid chosen for this purpose is the cheapest and most common amino acid, glycine, leading to iron glycinate supplements.18 The RDA for iron varies considerably based on age, gender, and source of dietary iron heme-based iron has higher bioavailability.19 Infants may require iron supplements if they are not breast-fed.citation needed Blood donors are at special risk of low iron levels and are often advised to supplement their iron intake.citation needed Regulation of iron uptake Excessive iron can be toxic, because free ferrous iron reacts with peroxides to produce free radicals, which are highly reactive and can damage DNA, proteins, lipids, and other cellular components. Thus, iron toxicity occurs when there is free iron in the cell, which generally occurs when iron levels exceed the capacity of transferrin to bind the iron. Iron uptake is tightly regulated by the human body, which has no regulated physiological means of excreting iron. Only small amounts of iron are lost daily due to mucosal and skin epithelial cell sloughing, so control of iron levels is mostly by regulating uptake.20 However, large amounts of ingested iron can cause excessive levels of iron in the blood because high iron levels can damage the cells of the gastrointestinal tract, preventing them from regulating iron absorption. High blood concentrations of iron damage cells in the heart, liver and elsewhere, which can cause serious problems, including long-term organ damage and even death. Humans experience iron toxicity above 20 milligrams of iron for every kilogram of mass, and 60 milligrams per kilogram is a lethal dose.21 Over-consumption of iron, often the result of children eating large quantities of ferrous sulfate tablets intended for adult consumption, is one of the most common toxicological causes of death in children under six.21 The DRI lists the Tolerable Upper Intake Level UL for adults as 45 mg/day. For children under fourteen years old the UL is 40 mg/day. Regulation of iron uptake is impaired in some people as a result of a genetic defect that maps to the HLA-H gene region on chromosome 6. In these people, excessive iron intake can result in iron overload disorders, such as hemochromatosis. Many people have a genetic susceptibility to iron overload without realizing it or being aware of a family history of the problem. For this reason, it is advised that people not take iron supplements unless they suffer from iron deficiency and have consulted a doctor. Hemochromatosis is estimated to cause disease in between 0.3 and 0.8% of Caucasians.22 The medical management of iron toxicity is complex, and can include use of a specific chelating agent called deferoxamine to bind and expel excess iron from the body. See also El Mutún in Bolivia, where 20% of the world's accessible iron and magnesium is located. Iron metaphor Iron Age Iron fertilization - Fertilization of oceans to stimulate phytoplankton growth. Pelletizing - Process of creation of iron ore pellets. Al-Hadid Iron in the Qur'an. Specht Building - A historic landmark in Omaha, Nebraska utilizing an iron facade. Iron in mythology List of countries by iron production Bibliography Doulias PT, Christoforidis S, Brunk UT, Galaris D. Endosomal and lysosomal effects of desferrioxamine: protection of HeLa cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and induction of cell-cycle arrest. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003;35:719-28. H. R. Schubert, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry ... to 1775 AD Routledge, London, 1957 R. F. Tylecote, History of Metallurgy Institute of Materials, London 1992. R. F. Tylecote, 'Iron in the Industrial Revolution' in J. Day and R. F. Tylecote, The Industrial Revolution in Metals Institute of Materials 1991, 200-60. Los Alamos National Laboratory - Iron Crystal structure of iron References ^ Iron: geological information, http://www.webelements.com/iron/geology.html. Retrieved on 21 May 2008 . ^ Iron and Nickel Abundances in H~II Regions and Supernova Remnants, June 14, 1995, http://www.aas.org/publications/baas/v27n2/aas186/abs/S3707.html. Retrieved on 21 May 2008 . ^ a b Camp, James McIntyre 1920. The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Steel Company, 173 - 174. ^ Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels, http://www.key-to-steel.com/Articles/Art62.htm. Retrieved on 5 January 2008 ^ Vivian Marx 2002. The Little Plankton That Could...Maybe. Scientific American. ^ Melinda Ferguson, David Labiak, Andrew Madden, Joseph Peltier. The Effect of Iron on Plankton Use of CO2. CEM 181H. Retrieved on 2007-05-05. ^ Dopyera, Caroline October, 1996. The Iron Hypothesis. EARTH. Retrieved on 2007-05-05. ^ Dauphas, N. Rouxel, O. 2006. Mass spectrometry and natural variations of iron isotopes. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 25, 515-550 ^ Fox, B. A.; Threlfall, T. L. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.346 1973; Vol. 44, p.34 1964. Article ^ Blomquist, A. T.; Dinguid, L. I. J. Org. Chem. 1947, 12, 718 723. ^ Clarke, H. T.; Dreger, E. E. Org. Syn., Coll. Vol. 1, p.304 1941; Vol. 6, p.52 1926. Article. ^ den Hertog, J.; Overhoff, J. Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1950, 69, 468. ^ Tracey A. Rouault. How Mammals Acquire and Distribute Iron Needed for Oxygen-Based Metabolism. Retrieved on 2006-06-19. ^ Food Standards Agency - Eat well, be well - Iron deficiency ^ Sesink AL, Termont DS, Kleibeuker JH, Van der Meer R 1999. Red meat and colon cancer: the cytotoxic and hyperproliferative effects of dietary heme. Cancer Research 59 22: 5704-9. PMID 10582688. ^ Glei M, Klenow S, Sauer J, Wegewitz U, Richter K, Pool-Zobel BL 2006. Hemoglobin and hemin induce DNA damage in human colon tumor cells HT29 clone 19A and in primary human colonocytes. Mutat. Res. 594 1-2: 162-71. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.08.006. PMID 16226281. ^ Pineda O, Ashmead HD 2001. Effectiveness of treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children with ferrous bis-glycinate chelate. Nutrition 17 5: 381-4. doi:10.1016/S0899-90070100519-6. PMID 11377130. ^ Ashmead, H. DeWayne 1989. Conversations on Chelation and Mineral Nutrition. Keats Publishing. ISBN 0-87983-501-X. ^ Dietary Reference Intakes: Elements PDF. The National Academies 2001. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. ^ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K; Fausto, Nelson 2005. Anemia. Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ion. Elsevier Saunders. Retrieved on 2008-03-14. ^ a b Toxicity, Iron. Emedicine. Retrieved on 2006-06-19. ^ Durupt S, Durieu I, Nove-Josserand R, et al: Herary hemochromatosis. Rev Med Interne 2000 Nov; 2111: 961-71Medline. External links Look up iron in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Iron WebElements.com - Iron It's Elemental - Iron The Most Tightly Bound Nuclei v d e Periodic table H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanoids Actinoids Transition metals Other metals Metalloids Other nonmetals Halogens Noble gases Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Iron Categories: Dietary minerals | Iron | Chemical elements | Recyclable materials | Transition metals | Ferromagnetic materials | Building materials | Pyrotechnic fuelsHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since June 2008 | Articles with statements since January 2008 | Articles with statements since July 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Asturianu Avañe'ẽ AzÉ™rbaycan বাংলা Bân-lâm-gú БеларуÑ?каÑ? 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So many of us do not eat a balanced diet, get enough sleep, have too much stress, or are impacted with toxins and pollutants. Drinking 2 ounces of MonaVie twice a day will help your body detoxify as well as build your immune system. Its the smartest thing you can do for yourself, so start today. Buying MonaVie through our company guarantees you support 7 days a week and, if you would like to share MonaVie with your family and friends we will guide you from start to finish.
1. Click on Enroll Now (30 - 55% off retail price)
2. Pay $39 for your Wholesale ID number.
3. NO minimum order required.
4. MonaVie is delivered to your door in 3 to 5 days.