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20-September-2008 09:29:06 - Liquorice Liquorice Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Faboideae Tribe: Galegeae Genus: Glycyrrhiza Species: G. glabra Binomial name Glycyrrhiza glabra L.1 Synonyms Glycyrrhiza glandulifera Waldst. Kit.1 Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera1 Liquorice UK or licorice US see spelling differences IPA: /ˈlɪkÉ™rɪʃ, ˈlɪkÉ™rɪs, ˈlɪkrɪʃ/, or /ˈlɪkrɪs/ is the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, from which a sweet flavour can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a legume related to beans and peas and native to southern Europe and parts of Asia. It is an herbaceous perennial, growing to 1 m in height, with pinnate leaves about 7-15 centimetres 3-6 inches long, with 9-17 leaflets. The flowers are 0.8-1.2 cm 1/3 to 1/2 inch long, purple to pale whitish blue, produced in a loose inflorescence. The fruit is an oblong pod, 2-3 centimetres about 1 inch long, containing several seeds.2 Contents 1 Cultivation and uses 1.1 Medicinal use 1.2 Uses with tobacco 1.3 Toxicity 2 Gallery 3 Notes 4 External links Cultivation and uses Liquorice grows best in deep, fertile, well-drained soils, with full sun, and is harvested in the autumn two to three years after planting.2 Liquorice extract is produced by boiling liquorice root and subsequently evaporating most of the water in fact, the word 'liquorice' is derived from the Ancient Greek words for 'sweet root'. Liquorice extract is traded both in solid and syrup form. Its active principle is glycyrrhizin, a sweetener more than 50 times as sweet as sucrose which also has pharmaceutical effects. G. uralensis contains this chemical in much greater concentration. Main article: Liquorice confectionery Liquorice flavour is found in a wide variety of liquorice candies. The most popular in the United Kingdom are liquorice allsorts. In continental Europe, however, far stronger, saltier candies are preferred. It should be noted, though, that in most of these candies the taste is reinforced by aniseed oil, and the actual content of liquorice is quite low. However, in the Netherlands, where liquorice candy drop is one of the most popular forms of candy, only a few of the many forms that are sold contain aniseed although mixing it with mint, menthol or with laurel is popular, and mixing it with ammonium chloride creates the very popular salty liquorice. 3 Pontefract in Yorkshire was the first place where liquorice mixed with sugar began to be used as a sweet in the same way it is in the modern day.4. Pontefract Cakes were originally made there. Liquorice flavoring is also used in soft drinks such as root beer, and is in some herbal teas where it provides a sweet aftertaste. The flavour is common in medicines to disguise unpleasant flavours. Dutch youth often make their own dropwater liquorice water by putting a few pieces of laurel liquorice and a piece of liquorice root in a bottle with water and then shake it to a frothy liquid. Also popular in the Netherlands is a liquorice based liqueur called dropshot.5 Liquorice root Liquorice root Liquorice is popular in Italy particularly in the South and Spain in its natural form. The root of the plant is simply dug up, washed and chewed as mouth-freshener. Throughout Italy unsweetened liquorice is consumed in the form of small black pieces made only from 100% pure liquorice extract; the taste is bitter and intense, also popular in the UK too 'L. Imps'. In Calabria a popular liqueur is made from pure liquorice extract. Liquorice is also very popular in Syria where it is sold as a drink. Dried liquorice root can be chewed as a sweet. According to the US Department of Agriculture Food Database, black liquorice contains approximately 100 calories per ounce 28g.6 Chinese cuisine uses liquorice as a culinary spice for savoury foods. It is often employed to flavour broths and foods simmered in soy sauce. Other herbs and spices of similar flavour include anise, star anise, tarragon, and fennel. It is also the main ingredient of a very well known soft drink in Egypt, called عرقسوس 'erk-soos. 7 Medicinal use Glycyrrhiza glabra from Koehler's Medicinal-Plants Glycyrrhiza glabra from Koehler's Medicinal-Plants Powdered liquorice root is an effective expectorant, and has been used for this purpose since ancient times, especially in Ayurvedic medicine where it is also used in tooth powders. Modern cough syrups often include liquorice extract as an ingredient. Additionally, liquorice may be useful in conventional and naturopathic medicine for both mouth ulcers8 and peptic ulcers.9 Non-prescription aphthous ulcer treatment CankerMelts incorporates glycyrrhiza in a dissolving adherent troche. Liquorice is also a mild laxative and may be used as a topical antiviral agent for shingles, ophthalmic, oral or genital herpes. Liquorice affects the body's endocrine system as it contains isoflavones phytoestrogens. It can lower the amount of serum testosterone,10 but whether it affects the amount of free testosterone is unclear. Consuming licorice can prevent hyperkalemia. Large doses of glycyrrhizinic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid in liquorice extract can lead to hypokalemia and serious increases in blood pressure, a syndrome known as apparent mineralocorticoid excess. These side effects stem from the inhibition of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and subsequent increase in activity of cortisol on the kidney. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase normally inactivates cortisol in the kidney; thus, liquorice's inhibition of this enzyme makes the concentration of cortisol appear to increase. Cortisol acts at the same receptor as the hormone aldosterone in the kidney and the effects mimic aldosterone excess, although aldosterone remains low or normal during liquorice overdose. To decrease the chances of these serious side effects, deglycyrrhizinated liquorice preparations are available. The disabling of similar enzymes in the gut by glycyrrhizinic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid also causes increased mucus and decreased acid secretion. It inhibits Helicobacter pylori, is used as an aid for healing stomach and duodenal ulcers, and in moderate amounts may soothe an upset stomach. Liquorice can be used to treat ileitis, leaky gut syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn's disease as it is antispasmodic in the bowels.11 Liquorice is an adaptogen which helps reregulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. It can also be used for auto-immune conditions including lupus, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis and animal dander allergies.11 In traditional Chinese medicine, liquorice is commonly used in herbal formulae to harmonize the other ingredients in the formula and to carry the formula into all 12 of the regular meridians12 and to relieve a spasmodic cough. In traditional American herbalism it is used in the Hoxsey anti-cancer formula. Uses with tobacco A significant amount of liquorice production goes toward flavouring, sweetening and conditioning tobacco products. 3 Liquorice adds a mellow, sweet woody flavour, and it masks the bad taste of low quality tobacco. The burning liquorice also generates some toxins found in the smoke, 4 and the glycyrrhizin expands the airways, which allows users to inhale more smoke. 5 Toxicity Excessive consumption of liquorice or liquorice candy is known to be toxic to the liver13 and cardiovascular system, and may produce hypertension 14 and oedema.15 There have been occasional cases where blood pressure has increased with excessive consumption of liquorice tea, but such occasions are rare and reversible when the herb is withdrawn.16 Most cases of hypertension from liquorice were caused by eating too much concentrated liquorice candy.17 Doses as low as 50g daily for two weeks can cause a significant rise in blood pressure.18 The European Commission 2008 report suggested that people should not consume any more than 100mg of glycyrrhizic acid a day, for it can raise blood pressure or cause muscle weakness, chronic fatigue, headaches or swelling, and lower testosterone levels in men. Haribo, manufacturer of Pontefract cakes, stated: Haribo advises, as with any other food, liquorice products should be eaten in moderation. Meanwhile, a 56-year-old Yorkshire woman was hospitalized on June, 2008, after liquorice overdose 200 grams a day, which caused her muscle failure. The hospital restored her potassium levels, by intravenous drip and tablets, relieving her after 4 days.19 Gallery Sliver of liquorice root Various liqourice root slivers Liquorice root with bark Liquorice schnapps Notes ^ a b c Glycyrrhiza glabra information from NPGS/GRIN. www.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved on 2008-03-06. ^ a b Huxley, A., ed. 1992. New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. ISBN 0-333-47494-5 ^ 1 Dutch website of Wageningen University with English information about Drop ^ Right good food from the Ridings, AboutFood.com 25 October 2007. ^ 2 semi-official drop-shot site In Dutch ^ Licorice Calories ^ عرقسوس Liquorice ^ Das, S.K.; Das V, Gulati AK Singh VP. Deglycyrrhizinated liquorice in aphthous ulcers. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 37 10: 647. Association of Physicians of India. ^ Krausse, R.; Bielenberg J. Blaschek W. Ullmann U. 2004. In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Extractum liquiritiae, glycyrrhizin and its metabolites. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 54 1: 243-246. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/jac/dkh287. PMID 15190039. ^ Materia Medica, retrieved 24 May 2007 ^ a b Winston, David; Steven Maimes 2007. Adaptogens: Herbs for Strength, Stamina, and Stress Relief. Healing Arts Press. ^ Bensky, Dan; et al. 2004. Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica, Third ion. Eastland Press. ISBN 0939616424. ^ The Nurse's Guide To Herbal Remedies from Salisbury University ^ Liquorice and hypertension orial in The Netherlands Journal of Medicine, 2005 ^ A Guide to Medicinal and Aromatic Plants from Purdue University ^ Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D., Safety Issues Affecting Herbs: Herbs that May Increase Blood Pressue, retrieved 24 May 2007 ^ Woman 'overdoses' on liquorice, BBC News online, published Friday, 21 May, 2004 ^ Sigurjónsdóttir, H.A., et al. Liquorice-induced rise in blood pressure: a linear dose-response relationship. Journal of Human Hypertension 2001 15, 549-552. ^ news.bbc.co.uk, Woman 'overdoses' on liquorice External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Liquorice National Institute of Health - Medline PDRhealth.com - Profile of Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice DGL Chemical Engineering News article on Licorice Non-profit dedicated to promoting licorice Pontefract Liquorice Festival v d e Herbs and spices Herbs Angelica Basil Basil, holy Basil, Thai Bay leaf Boldo Bolivian Coriander Borage Chervil Chives Cicely Coriander leaf cilantro Cress Curry leaf Dill Elsholtzia ciliata Epazote Eryngium foetidum long coriander Hemp Hoja santa Houttuynia cordata giấp cá Hyssop Lavender Lemon balm Lemon grass Lemon verbena Limnophila aromatica rice paddy herb Lovage Marjoram Mint Mitsuba Oregano Parsley Perilla shiso Rosemary Rue Sage Savory Sorrel Tarragon Thyme Vietnamese coriander rau răm Woodruff Spices Ajwain bishop's weed Aleppo pepper Allspice Amchur mango powder Anise Aromatic ginger Asafoetida Camphor Caraway Cardamom Cardamom, black Cassia Cayenne pepper Celery seed Chenpi Chili Cinnamon Clove Coriander seed Cubeb Cumin Cumin, black Dill dill seed Fennel Fenugreek Fingerroot krachai Galangal, greater Galangal, lesser Garlic Ginger Golpar Grains of Paradise Grains of Selim Horseradish Juniper berry Liquorice Mace Mahlab Malabathrum tejpat Mustard, black Mustard, brown Mustard, white Nigella kalonji Nutmeg Paprika Peppercorn black, green white Pepper, long Pepper, Brazilian Pepper, Peruvian Pomegranate seed anardana Poppy seed Saffron Sarsaparilla Sassafras Sesame Sichuan pepper huÄ?jiÄ?o, sansho Star anise Sumac Tasmanian pepper Tamarind Tonka bean Turmeric Vanilla Wasabi Zedoary Zest Herb and spice mixtures Adjika Advieh Afghan spice rub Baharat Berbere Bouquet garni Buknu Chaat masala Chaunk Chili powder Crab boil Curry powder Fines herbes Five-spice powder Garam masala Garlic salt Harissa Herbes de Provence Jerk spice Khmeli suneli Lemon pepper Masala Mitmita Mixed spice Old Bay Seasoning Panch phoron Persillade Pumpkin pie spice Qâlat Daqqa Quatre épices Ras el hanout Recado rojo Sharena sol Shichimi Tabil Tandoori masala Za'atar Lists of herbs and spices List of Australian herbs and spices Chinese herbs List of Indian spices List of culinary herbs and spices Related topics Marinating Spice rub Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Liquorice Categories: Faboideae | Spices | Sweeteners | Medicinal plants Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية БългарÑ?ки ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Español Français Hornjoserbsce Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Vèneto ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 10 August 2008, at 23:04
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