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20-September-2008 09:29:06 - Lycia For other uses, see Lycia disambiguation. Sidyma redirects here. For the moth genus named thus, see Sidyma moth. Ancient Region of Anatolia Lycia Λυκία Lycian rock cut tombs of Dalyan Location Southern Anatolia State existed: 15-14th c. BC as Lukka 1250-546 BC Language Lycian Historical capitals Xanthos Roman province Lycia Location of Lycia as known to the ancient Greeks Lycia in Lycian, Trm̃mis see List of Lycian place names; in ancient Greek, Λυκία and in modern Turkish, Likya was a region in the modern-day provinces of Antalya and MuÄŸla on the southern coast of Turkey. It was a federation of ancient cities in the region and later a province of the Roman Empire. Lycian League was the first federation in the world with democratic principles which later inspired the American Constitution. Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Modern 1.2 Ancient 2 Features and sights of interest 3 Ancient language 4 Name of the region 5 History 5.1 Prehistory 5.2 Bronze age 5.3 Classical period 5.4 Hellenistic period 5.5 Roman period 5.6 Byzantine era 5.7 Turkish era 6 Lycian league 7 Sources on ancient Lycians 7.1 Primary sources 7.2 Secondary sources 8 Notes 9 See also 10 External links 11 Activities 11.1 Photos and videos Geography Modern Lycia is a mountainous and densely forested region along the coast of southwestern Turkey on and around the Teke Peninsula. Turkey's first waymarked long-distance footpath, the Lycian Way, follows part of the coast of the region. Ancient Lycia was bounded by Caria to the west and north west, Pamphylia to the east, and Pisidia to the north east. The principal cities of ancient Lycia were Xanthos, Patara, Myra, Pinara, Tlos and Olympos each entitled to three votes in the Lycian League and Phaselis. Further information: List of Lycian place names Features and sights of interest Lycian rock cut tombs of Dalyan Lycian rock cut tombs of Dalyan Lycian tombs at Simena, Üçağız Turkey. Lycian tombs at Simena, Üçağız Turkey. Though the second-century AD dialogue Erotes found the cities of Lycia interesting more for their history than for their monuments, since they have retained none of their former splendor, many relics of the Lycians remain visible today, especially their distinctive rock-cut tombs in the sides of cliffs in the region. The British Museum in London has one of the best collections of Lycian artifacts. Lycia was an important center of worship for the goddess Leto and later, her twin children, Apollo and Artemis. Ancient language The eponymous inhabitants of Lycia, the Lycians, spoke an Indo-European language, belonging to its Anatolian branch. The closest language to the Lycian language is the Luwian language, which was spoken in Anatolia during the 2nd and early 1st millennium BC; it may even be its direct ancestor. Name of the region The Lycians own name Trm̃mi comes from the region of Trimili which was recently discovered on an ancient road sign in Patara excavation. Interestingly, today a Turkish village named Dirmil stands on the lands of ancient Trimili which may prove that this is the evolved name of the land therefore the ancient Lycians. History Prehistory The region of Lycia has been inhabited by human groups since prehistoric times. Bronze age Ancient Egyptian records describe the Lycians as allies of the Hittites. Lycia may have been a member state of the Assuwa league of ca. 1250 BC, appearing as 'Lukka or Luqqa. After the collapse of the Hittite Empire, Lycia emerged as an independent Neo-Hittite kingdom. According to Herodotus, Lycia was named after Lycus, the son of Pandion II of Athens. The region was never unified into a single territory in antiquity, but remained a tightly-knit confederation of fiercely independent city-states. Lycia was frequently mentioned by Homer as an ally of Troy. In Homer's Iliad, the Lycian contingent was said to have been led by two esteemed warriors: Sarpedon son of Zeus and Laodamia and Glaucus son of Hippolochus. Elsewhere in Greek mythology, the Lycian kingdom was said to have been ruled by another Sarpedon, a Cretan exile and brother of the king Minos; Sarpedon's followers were called Termilae, and they founded a dynasty after their conquest of a people called the Milyans. As with the founding of Miletus, this mythical story implies a Cretan connection to the settlement of Asia Minor. Lycia appears elsewhere in Greek myth, such as in the story of Bellerophon, who eventually succeeded to the throne of the Lycian king Iobates or Amphianax. Lycian inscription in Xanthos Lycian inscription in Xanthos Classical period Lycia came under the control of the Persian Empire in 546 BC when Harpagus of Media, a general in the service of Cyrus conquered Asia Minor. Harpagus's descendants ruled Lycia until 468 BC when Athens wrested control away. Persia then retook Lycia in 387 BC and held it until it was conquered by Alexander III the Great of Macedon during 334-333 BC1. Hellenistic period After the death of Alexander the Great in 324 BC, his generals fought amongst themselves over. Lycia fell into the hands of general Antigonos by 304 BC. In 301 BC Antigonos was killed by an alliance of the other successors of Alexander, and Lycia became a part of the kingdom of Lysimachos, who ruled until he was killed in battle in 281 BC.2 By 240 BC Lycia was part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom3 and remained in their control through 200 BC.4 It had apparently come under Seleucid control by 190 BC, when the Seleucids' defeat in the Battle of Magnesia resulted in Lycia being awarded to Rhodes in the Peace of Apamea in 188 BC. It was then granted independence by Rome in 168 BC see Lycian League below and remained so until becoming a Roman province in 43 AD.5 Roman period In 43, the emperor Claudius annexed it to the Roman Empire and united it with Pamphylia as a Roman province. The heir of Augustus, Gaius Caesar, was killed there in 4 AD. Byzantine era It subsequently was a part of the Byzantine Empire. Turkish era It was overrun by the Turkish Ottoman Empire and eventually became part of Turkey. The last Greeks were displaced following the Greco-Turkish War in the early 20th century. Lycian league The Lycian League, koinon was established in 168 BC with democratic principles. It comprised some 23 known city-states as members. Lycia, which had been under Rhodian control since the Peace of Apamea in 188 BC, was granted independence by the Roman Empire at the conclusion of the Third Macedonian War. These city states joined together in a federalist style government that shared political resources against larger nations. A Lyciarch was elected by a senate that convened every autumn at a different city, where each member sent one, two or three representatives, depending on the city's size, to the senate, or Bouleuterion, as it was called. The major cities of the League included Xanthos, Patara, Pinara, Olympos, Myra, and Tlos, with Patara as the capital. Phaselis joined the League at a later time. The league continued to function after Lycia became a Roman province in 46 AD. Lycia ceased being a federation in the fourth century AD, when it was taken over by the Byzantine Empire. Sources on ancient Lycians Primary sources Poem on the Battle of Kadesh 305-313, Ramesses II Great Karnak Inscription 572-592, Merneptah Breasted, J. H. 1906. Ancient Records of Egypt. Vol. III. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Plague Prayers of Mursilis A1-11, b, Mursilis Pritchard, J. B. 1969. Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Secondary sources R.D. Barnett 1975. The Sea Peoples, in J. B. Bury, S. A. Cook, F. E. Adcock: The Cambridge Ancient History II, part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 362-366. Refers to many different sea peoples and their contact with Egypt and Anatolia. Also tells about the Philistines during the reign of Ramesses III. T. Bryce 1993. Lukka Revisited. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 51: 121-130. doi:10.1086/373535. Discusses Lukka's relations to other regions like Miletus and where they inhabited. T. Bryce and J. Zahle 1986. The Lycians 1. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. Covers the Lycians and where they lived, their history, language, culture, cults, and their language. R. Drews 1995. The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe CA. 1200 B.C.. Princeton: Princeton University Press. A description of the Egyptian evidence on the Sea Peoples. Notes ^ Haywood, John, et al. Historical Atlas of the Classical World: 500 BC - AD 600. Barnes Noble Books: New York, New York, 2002. Plate 2.09. ^ Haywood, John, et al. Historical Atlas of the Classical World: 500 BC - AD 600 Barnes Noble Books: New York, 2002. Plate 2.09. ^ Barraclough, Geoffrey, ed. Collins Atlas of World History. Borders Press: Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2003. Pg 77. ^ Black, Jeremy, ed. World History Atlas. Dorling Kindersley: London, 2000. Pg. 179. ^ Barraclough, Geoffrey, ed. Collins Atlas of World History. Borders Press: Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2003. Pgs 77, 89. See also Saint Nicholas - born in the 3rd century in Patara, Lycia Lycian Way External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lycia Lycian Turkey Christian Lycia Gocek Informations Centre www.thegocek.com Etching of a Lycian tomb from A. D. F. Hamlin's A History of Ornament New York: The Century Company, 1916 Lycian League: Prototype of America's Democracy? from Saudi Aramco World magazine, September/October 2007 Activities Lycian Adventures Photos and videos QTVR fullscreen panoramas of the rock-cut tombs of the ancient Lycian necropolis at Myra v d e Historical regions of Anatolia Aeolis · Cappadocia · Caria · Cilicia · Bithynia · Galatia · Ionia · Lycaonia · Lycia · Lydia · Mysia · Pamphylia · Paphlagonia · Phrygia · Pisidia · Pontos · Troad v d e History of Anatolia v d e Roman Imperial Provinces AD 117 Achaea · Ægyptus · Africa · Alpes Cottiae · Alpes Maritimae · Alpes Poeninae · Arabia Petraea · Armenia · Asia · Assyria · Bithynia et Pontus · Britannia · Cappadocia · Cilicia · Corsica et Sardinia · Creta et Cyrenaica · Cyprus · Dacia · Dalmatia · Epirus · Galatia · Gallia Aquitania · Gallia Belgica · Gallia Lugdunensis · Gallia Narbonensis · Germania Inferior · Germania Superior · Hispania Baetica · Hispania Tarraconensis · Italia · Iudaea · Lusitania · Lycia et Pamphylia · Macedonia · Mauretania Caesariensis · Mauretania Tingitana · Mesopotamia · Moesia Inferior · Moesia Superior · Noricum · Pannonia Inferior · Pannonia Superior · Raetia · Sicilia · Syria · Taurica · Thracia The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan 117 AD Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Lycia Categories: Historical regions of Anatolia | Ancient Roman provinces | Lycia | Ancient Greek sites in Turkey | Seleucid Empire | Antalya Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska Türkçe ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 14 August 2008, at 00:05
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