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20-September-2008 09:29:09 - Peptide nucleic acid Peptide nucleic acid PNA is an artificially synthesized polymer similar to DNA or RNA and is used in biological research and medical treatments. PNA is not known to occur naturally. DNA and RNA have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone, respectively, whereas PNA's backbone is composed of repeating N-2-aminoethyl-glycine units linked by peptide bonds. The various purine and pyrimidine bases are linked to the backbone by methylene carbonyl bonds. PNAs are depicted like peptides, with the N-terminus at the first left position and the C-terminus at the right.1 Since the backbone of PNA contains no charged phosphate groups, the binding between PNA/DNA strands is stronger than between DNA/DNA strands due to the lack of electrostatic repulsion. Early experiments with homopyrimidine strands strands consisting of only one repeated pyrimidine base have shown that the Tm melting temperature of a 6-base thymine PNA/adenine DNA double helix was 31 °C in comparison to an equivalent 6-base DNA/DNA duplex that denatures at a temperature less than 10 °C. Mixed base PNA molecules are true mimics of DNA molecules in terms of base-pair recognition. PNA/PNA binding is stronger than PNA/DNA binding. Synthetic peptide nucleic acid oligomers have been used in recent years in molecular biology procedures, diagnostic assays and antisense therapies. Due to their higher binding strength it is not necessary to design long PNA oligomers for use in these roles, which usually require oligonucleotide probes of 20-25 bases. The main concern of the length of the PNA-oligomers is to guarantee the specificity. PNA oligomers also show greater specificity in binding to complementary DNAs, with a PNA/DNA base mismatch being more destabilizing than a similar mismatch in a DNA/DNA duplex. This binding strength and specificity also applies to PNA/RNA duplexes. PNAs are not easily recognized by either nucleases or proteases, making them resistant to enzyme degradation. PNAs are also stable over a wide pH range. Though an unmodified PNA cannot readily cross cell membranes to enter the cytosol, covalently coupling a cell penetrating peptide to a PNA can improve cytosolic delivery. It has been hypothesized that the earliest life on Earth may have used PNA as a genetic material due to its extreme robustness, simpler formation and possible spontaneous polymerization at 100°C2 while water at standard pressure boils at this temperature, water at high pressure-as in deep ocean-boil at higher temperatures. If this is so, life evolved to a DNA/RNA-based system only at a later stage3 4. Evidence for this hypothesis is however far from conclusive. See RNA world hypothesis for related information. See also Glycerol nucleic acid Threose nucleic acid References ^ Egholm, M., Buchardt, O., Christensen, L., Behrens, C., Freier, S.M., Driver, D. A., Berg, R.H., Kim, S.K., Nordén, B. and Nielsen, P.E. PNA Hybridizes to Complementary Oligonucleotides Obeying the Watson-Crick Hydrogen Bonding Rules. 1993 Nature, 365, 566-568. ^ Wittung, P., Nielsen P.E., Buchardt, Ole., Egholm, M. and Nordén, B. DNA-like Double Helix formed by Peptide Nucleic Acid. 1994 Nature, 368, 561-563. ^ Nelson, K.E., Levy, M., and Miller, S.L. Peptide nucleic acids rather than RNA may have been the first genetic molecule 2000 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 3868-3871. ^ Alberts, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts and Walter, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th ion, Routledge, March, 2002, ISBN 0-8153-3218-1. External links An overview of the PNA molecule Recognition of chromosomal DNA by PNAs Alternative Nucleic Acid Analogues for Programmable Assembly: Hybridization of LNA to PNA The peptide nucleic acids PNAs: a new generation of probes for genetic and cytogenetic analyses A New Game of Life v d e Types of nucleic acids Constituents Nucleobases | Nucleosides | Nucleotides | Deoxynucleotides Ribonucleic acids RNA | mRNA pre-mRNA/hnRNA | tRNA | rRNA | aRNA | gRNA | miRNA | ncRNA | piRNA | shRNA | siRNA | snRNA | snoRNA | stRNA | ta-siRNA | tmRNA Deoxyribonucleic acids DNA | cDNA | gDNA | msDNA | mtDNA Nucleic acid analogues GNA | LNA | PNA | TNA | morpholino Cloning vectors phagemid | plasmid | lambda phage | cosmid | P1 phage | fosmid | BAC | YAC | HAC Major families of biochemicals Saccharides | Carbohydrates | Glycosides | | Amino acids | Peptides | Proteins | Glycoproteins | | Lipids | Terpenes | Steroids | Carotenoids Alkaloids | Nucleobases | Nucleic acids | | Enzyme cofactors | Flavonoids | Polyketides | Tetrapyrroles Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Peptide_nucleic_acid Categories: Nucleic acids | Origin of life Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Français Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий ä¸æ–‡ Türkçe This page was last modified on 9 August 2008, at 12:2
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