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20-September-2008 09:29:06 - Perennial plant Red Valerian, a perennial plant. Red Valerian, a perennial plant. A perennial plant or perennial Latin per, through, annus, year is a plant that lives for more than two years.1 When used as a noun, this term applies specifically to perennial herbaceous plants, even though woody plants like shrubs and trees are also perennial in their habit. Perennials, especially small flowering plants, grow and bloom over the spring and summer and then die back every autumn and winter, then return in the spring from their root-stock rather than seeding themselves as an annual plant does. These are known as herbaceous perennials. However, depending on the rigors of local climate, a plant that is a perennial in its native habitat, or in a milder garden, may be treated by a gardener as an annual and planted out every year, from seed, from cuttings or from divisions. Contents 1 Life cycle 2 Structure 3 Growth 4 Location 5 Types 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Life cycle Perennial plants can be short-lived only a few years or they can be long-lived, as some woody plants, such as trees, have been living for over 3,000 years. They can vary in size from only a few millimeters to over 100 meters tall. They include a wide assortment of plant groups from ferns and liverworts to the highly diverse flowering plants like Orchids and Grasses. Plants that flower and fruit only once and then die are termed monocarpic or semelparous. However, most perennials are polycarpic, flowering over many seasons in their lifetime. Structure Perennials typically grow structures that allow them to adapt to living from one year to the next. These structures include bulbs, tubers, woody crowns, rhizomes plus others. They might have specialized stems or crowns that allow them to survive periods of dormancy over cold or dry seasons during the year. Annuals produce seeds to continue the species as a new generation while the growing season is suitable, and the seeds survive over the cold or dry period to begin growth when the conditions are again suitable. Many perennials, in contrast, have specialized to survive under extreme environmental conditions: some have adapted to survive hot and dry conditions, or to survive under cold temperatures. Those plants tend to invest a lot of resource into their adaptations and often do not flower and set seed until after a few years of growth. Many perennials produce relatively large seeds, which can have an advantage, with larger seedlings produced after germination that can better compete with other plants or more quickly develop leaves for photosynthesis. Annuals tend to produce many more seeds per plant since they will die at the end of the growing season, while perennials are not under the same pressure to produce large numbers of seeds but can produce seeds over many years. The dahlia is a perennial. The dahlia is a perennial. Growth In warmer and more favorable climates, perennials grow continuously. In seasonal climates, their growth is limited to the growing season. For example, in temperate regions a perennial plant may grow and bloom during the warm part of the year, with the foliage dying back in the winter. These plants are deciduous perennials. Regrowth is from existing stem tissue. In many parts of the world, seasonality is expressed as wet and dry periods rather than warm and cold periods. In some species, perennials retain their foliage all year round; these are evergreen perennials. With their roots protected below ground in the soil layer, perennial plants are notably tolerant of wildfire. They are also less subject to extremes of cold in temperate and Arctic winters, with less sensitivity than trees or shrubs. Location Perennial plants dominate many natural ecosystems on land and in fresh water, with only a very few e.g. Zostera occurring in shallow sea water. They are particularly dominant in conditions too fire-prone for trees and shrubs, e.g., most plants on prairies and steppes are perennials; they are also dominant on tundra too cold for tree growth. In forests, perennial plants are of secondary importance to trees and shrubs, but are often still abundant on the forest floor. Perennial plants are usually better competitors than annual plants, especially under stable, resource-poor conditions. This is due to the development of larger root systems which can access water and soil nutrients deeper in the soil and to earlier emergence in the spring. Types Examples of evergreen perennials include Begonia and banana. Examples of deciduous perennials include goldenrod and mint. Examples of monocarpic perennials include Agave and some species of Streptocarpus. See also Annual plant Biennial plant Perennial Tea Ceremony Herbaceous References ^ The Garden Helper. The Difference Between Annual Plants and Perennial Plants in the Garden. Retrieved on 2008-06-22. External links Plant life cycles USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map Gardening with Perennials Prairie Bloom Perennial Flowers, Kansas State University PDF This article has multiple issues. Please help improve the article or discuss these issues on the talk page. It needs additional references or sources for verification. Tagged since August 2007. It may contain original research or claims. Tagged since August 2007. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Perennial_plant Categories: Plants | GardeningHidden categories: Articles lacking reliable references from August 2007 | Articles that may contain original research since August 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego í•œêµì–´ Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 ქáƒ?რთული ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழà¯? УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 7 August 2008, at 22:37
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