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20-September-2008 09:29:07 - Pinyin For other uses, see Pinyin disambiguation. Hanyu Pinyin Traditional Chinese: 漢語拼音 Simplified Chinese: 汉è¯æ‹¼éŸ³ Transliterations Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin: Hà nyÇ” pÄ«nyÄ«n Scheme of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet Traditional Chinese: 漢語拼音方案 Simplified Chinese: 汉è¯æ‹¼éŸ³æ–¹æ¡ˆ Transliterations Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin: Hà nyÇ” pÄ«nyÄ«n fÄ?ng'à n Chinese romanization Mandarin for Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin ISO standard EFEO Gwoyeu Romatzyh Spelling conventions Latinxua Sin Wenz Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II Chinese Postal Map Romanization Tongyong Pinyin Wade-Giles Yale Legge romanization Simplified Wade Comparison chart Cantonese for Standard Cantonese Guangdong Romanization Hong Kong Government Jyutping Meyer-Wempe Sidney Lau S. L. Wong phonetic symbols S. L. Wong romanisation Standard Cantonese Pinyin Standard Romanization Yale Barnett-Chao Wu Long-short romanization Min Nan for Taiwanese, Amoy, and related PeÌ?h-oÄ“-jÄ« For Hainanese Hainanhua Pinyin Fang'an For Teochew Peng'im Min Dong for Fuzhou dialect Foochow Romanized Hakka for Moiyan dialect Kejiahua Pinyin Fang'an For Siyen dialect Phak-fa-sá¹³ See also: General Chinese Chao Yuenren Cyrillization Xiao'erjing Zhuyin Romanisation in Singapore Romanisation in Taiwan This box: view talk Pinyin, more formally Hanyu Pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. Hanyu means the Chinese language1, and pinyin means spell sound, or the spelling of the sound.1 Developed by a government committee in the People's Republic of China in the 1950s, Pinyin was adopted as the international standard in 1979. It is now used to teach Chinese schoolchildren and foreign learners the standard pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese, to spell Chinese names in foreign publications and to enter Chinese characters on computers. Contents 1 History 2 Usage 3 Initials and Finals 3.1 Initials 3.2 Finals 4 Rules given in terms of English pronunciation 4.1 Pronunciation of initials 4.2 Pronunciation of finals 5 Orthography 5.1 Letters 5.2 Capitalization and word formation 6 Tones 6.1 Numbers in place of tone marks 6.2 Rules for placing the tone mark10 7 The character ü 8 Comparison chart 9 Pinyin in Taiwan 10 Other languages 11 Comparison with other orthographies 12 Entering toned Pinyin on a computer 12.1 Mac OS X 12.2 Windows 13 Further reading 14 See also 15 References 16 Notes 17 External links 17.1 Auto-converters 17.2 Other History In 1954, the Ministry of Education of the PRC assigned a Committee Committee for the Reform of the Chinese Written Language to reform the written language. This committee developed Hanyu Pinyin based upon existing systems of that time Gwoyeu Romatzyh of 1928, Latinxua Sin Wenz of 1931, it uses the diacritic markings from Zhuyin2. The main force behind pinyin was Zhou Youguang born 1905, turning 103 in 2008 in good health.3 4 Zhou Youguang was working in a New York bank when he decided to return to China to help rebuild the country after the war. He became an economics professor in Shanghai. The government assigned him to help the development of a new romanisation system. The switch to language and writing largely saved him from the wrath of the Cultural Revolution of Mao Zedong. A first draft was published on February 12, 1956. The first ion of Hanyu Pinyin was approved and adopted at the Fifth Session of the 1st National People's Congress on February 11, 1958. It was then introduced to primary schools as a way to teach Standard Mandarin pronunciation, and used to improve the literacy rate among adults. In 2001, the Chinese Government issued the National Common Language Law, providing a legal basis for applying pinyin.5 The correspondence between letter and sound does not follow any single other language, but does not depart any more from the norms of the Latin alphabet than many European languages. For example, the aspiration distinction between b, d, g and p, t, k is similar to that of English, but not to that of French. Z and c also have that distinction; however, they are pronounced as ts, as in languages such as German, Italian, and Polish, which do not have that distinction. From s, z, c come the digraphs sh, zh, ch by analogy with English sh, ch; although this introduces the novel combination zh, it is internally consistent in how the two series are related, and represents the fact that many Chinese pronounce sh, zh, ch as s, z, c. In the x, j, q series, x rather resembles its pronunciation in Catalan, though q is more novel. Pinyin vowels are pronounced similarly to vowels in Romance languages. More information on the pronunciation of all pinyin letters in terms of English approximations is given further below. Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See Help:IPA for a pronunciation key. The pronunciation of Chinese is generally given in terms of initials and finals, which represent the segmental phonemic portion of the language. Initials are initial consonants, while finals are all possible combinations of medials semivowels coming before the vowel, the nucleus vowel, and coda final vowel or consonant. For a complete table of all pinyin syllables, see pinyin table. Usage Hanyu Pinyin superseded older romanization systems such as Wade-Giles 1859; modified 1892 and Chinese Postal Map Romanization, and replaced Zhuyin as the method of Chinese phonetic instruction in mainland China. Hanyu Pinyin was adopted in 1979 by the International Organization for Standardization ISO as the standard romanization for modern Chinese ISO-7098:1991. It has also been accepted by the Government of Singapore, the Library of Congress, the American Library Association, and many other international institutions. It has also become a useful tool for entering Chinese language text into computers. The spelling of Chinese geographical or personal names in pinyin has become a standard or most common way to transcribe them in English. Chinese speaking Standard Mandarin at home use pinyin to help children associate characters with spoken words which they already know; however, for the many Chinese who do not use Standard Mandarin at home, pinyin is used to teach them the Standard Mandarin pronunciation of words when they learn them in elementary school. Pinyin has become a tool for many foreigners to learn the Mandarin pronunciation, it is used to explain the grammar and spoken Mandarin together with hanzi. Like zhuyin fuhao it is used as a phonetic guide in books for children but also dialect speakers and foreign learners. Books containing both Chinese characters and pinyin are popular with foreign learners of Chinese, pinyin's role in teaching pronunciation to foreigners and children is similar to furigana-based books with hiragana letters written above or next to kanji in Japanese or fully vocalised texts in Arabic vocalised Arabic but as mentioned above, pinyin is also the main romanisation method. Initials and Finals Unlike in Indo-European languages, initials simplified Chinese: 声æ¯?; traditional Chinese: è?²æ¯? and finals simplified Chinese: 韵æ¯?; traditional Chinese: 韻æ¯?, or rhyming sounds - and not consonants and vowels - are the fundamental elements in Pinyin and most other phonetic systems used to describe the Han language. Nearly each Chinese syllable can be spelled with exactly one initial followed by one final, except in the special syllable 'er' and when a trailing 'r' is considered part of a syllable see below. The latter case, though a common practice in some sub-dialects, is rarely used in official publications.6 Even though most initials contain a consonant, finals are not simple vowels,7 especially in compound finals simplified Chinese: å¤?韵æ¯?; traditional Chinese: 復韻æ¯?, i.e., when one final is placed in front of another one. For example, i and u are pronounced with such tight openings that some native Chinese speakers especially when singing or on stage pronounce yÄ« Chinese: è¡£, clothes, officially pronounced as /i/ as /ji/, wéi simplified Chinese: å›´; traditional Chinese: åœ?, to enclose, officially as /uei/ as /wei/ or /wuei/. The concepts of consonants and vowels are not incorporated in Pinyin or its predecessors, despite the fact that the Roman alphabets are used in Pinyin. In the entire Pinyin system, there is not a list of consonants, nor a list of vowels.8 Initials In each cell below, the first line indicates the IPA, the second indicates pinyin. Bilabial Labio- dental Labial- velar Alveolar Retroflex Alveolo- palatal Palatal Velar Plosive p b pÊ° p t d tÊ° t k g kÊ° k Nasal m m n n Lateral approximant l l Affricate ts z tsÊ° c ʈʂ zh ʈʂʰ ch tÉ• j tÉ•Ê° q Fricative f f s s Ê‚ sh Ê? 1 r É• x x h Approximant w 2 w É» 1 r j 3 y 1 /É»/ may phonetically be /Ê?/ a voiced retroflex fricative. This pronunciation varies among different speakers, and is not two different phonemes. 2 the letter w may be considered as an initial or a final, and may be pronounced as /w/ or /u/clarify 3 the letter y may be considered as an initial or a final, and may be pronounced as /j/ or /i/clarify Note: Letters y and w are not included in table of initials in the official Pinyin system.clarify They are used as spelling aids in place of i, u and ü when there are no other initials, and carry the pronunciations of the corresponding finals.clarify Consonants /j/ and /w/ are not officially used for these letters;clarify they are absent from standard Chinese.citation needed Conventional order excluding w and y, derived from the Zhuyin system, is: b p m f d t n l g k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s Finals In each cell below, the first line indicates IPA, the second indicates pinyin for a standalone no-initial form, and the third indicates pinyin for a combination with an initial. Other than finals modified by an -r, which are omitted, the following is an exhaustive table of all possible finals. 1 The only syllable-final consonants in standard Mandarin are -n and -ng, and -r which is attached as a grammatical suffix. Chinese syllables ending with any other consonant is either from a non-Mandarin language southern Chinese languages such as Cantonese, or minority languages of China, or it indicates the use of a non-pinyin Romanization system where final consonants may be used to indicate tones. Nucleus Coda Medial Ø i u y a Ø a a -a ia ya -ia ua wa -ua i aɪ ai -ai uaɪ wai -uai u É‘ÊŠ ao -ao iÉ‘ÊŠ yao -iao n an an -an iÉ›n yan -ian uan wan -uan yÉ›n yuan -üan 2 Å‹ É‘Å‹ ang -ang iÉ‘Å‹ yang -iang uÉ‘Å‹ wang -uang É™ Ø ɤ e -e iÉ› ye -ie uÉ” wo -uo/-o 3 yÅ“ yue -üe 2 i eɪ ei -ei ueɪ wei -ui u oÊŠ ou -ou ioÊŠ you -iu n É™n en -en in yin -in uÉ™n wen -un yn yun -ün 2 Å‹ əŋ eng -eng iÅ‹ ying -ing uəŋ, ÊŠÅ‹ 4 weng -ong yÊŠÅ‹ yong -iong Ø zÌ©, Ê?Ì©Ì© -i i yi -i u wu -u y yu -ü 2 1 /É™r/ 而, 二, etc. is written as er. For other finals formed by the suffix -r, pinyin does not use special orthography; one simply appends -r to the final that it is added to, without regard for any sound changes that may take place along the way. For information on sound changes related to final -r, please see Standard Mandarin. 2 ü is written as u after j, q, x, or y. 3 uo is written as o after b, p, m, or f. 4 It is pronounced ÊŠÅ‹ when it follows an initial, and pinyin reflects this difference. In addition, ê É› is used to represent certain interjections. Rules given in terms of English pronunciation All rules given here in terms of English pronunciation are approximate, as several of these sounds do not correspond directly to sounds in English. Pronunciation of initials Pinyin IPA Explanation b p unaspirated p, as in spit p pÊ° aspirated p, as in pit m m as in English mum f f as in English fun d t unaspirated t, as in stop t tÊ° aspirated t, as in top n n as in English nit l l as in English love g k unaspirated k, as in skill k kÊ° aspirated k, as in kill h x like the English h if followed by a; otherwise it is pronounced more roughly not unlike the Scots ch or Russian Ñ… Cyrillic kha. j tÉ• like q, but unaspirated. To get this sound, first take the sound halfway between joke and check, and then slowly pass it backwards along the tongue until it is entirely clear of the tongue tip. While this exact sound is not used in English, the closest match is the j in ajar, not the s in Asia. q tÉ•Ê° like church; pass it backwards along the tongue until it is free of the tongue tip. In Mandarin pronunciation should not be confused with ch but in English both ch and q are often pronounced the same. x É• like sh or palatalised s, but take the sound and pass it backwards along the tongue until it is clear of the tongue tip; very similar to the final sound in German ich, and to huge or Hugh in some English dialects. The combination xi is very similar both to the Russian Ñ?и or the Japanese ã?—. zh ʈʂ ch with no aspiration a sound between joke and church, tongue tip curled more upwards; very similar to merger in American English, but not voiced ch ʈʂʰ as in chin, but with the tongue curled upwards; very similar to nurture or tree in American English, but strongly aspirated sh Ê‚ as in shinbone, but with the tongue curled upwards; very similar to undershirt in American English r Ê? or É» Similar to the English r in rank, but with the lips spread and with the tongue curled upwards. The initial r can also be described as French j Ê’ or a cross between English r and French j. In Cyrillised Chinese the same sound is always rendered with letter ж French j. z ts unaspirated c something between suds and cats c tsÊ° like ts in bats, however more aspirated s s as in sun w u Note that w is not pronounced as a w, rather it is pronounced as the u pinyin-pronounced that w replaced. i.e. w replaces u in words starting with u no initial / final only. This use of w is a spelling convention, to disambiguate syllable breaks when such u- words follow other words. As a spelling convention, it does not actually alter the pre-replacement pronunciation. y i case 1 Note that y is not pronounced as a y, rather it is pronounced as the i pinyin-pronounced that it replaced. i.e. y replaces i in words starting with i no initial / final only. This use of y is a spelling convention, to disambiguate syllable breaks when such i- words follow other words. As a spelling convention, it does not actually alter the original pronunciation. case 2 Similarly, note that yu is not pronounced as a yu, rather it is pronounced as the pinyin-pronounced ü that it replaced. i.e. yu replaces ü in words starting with ü no initial / final only. This use of yu is a spelling convention, to disambiguate syllable breaks when such ü- words follow other words and due to historical type and font set limitations. As a spelling convention, it does not actually alter the original pronunciation. Pronunciation of finals The following is an exhaustive list of all finals in Standard Mandarin. Those ending with a final -r are listed at the end. To find a given final: Remove the initial consonant. For zh-, ch-, sh-, both letters should be removed, they are single consonants spelt with two letters. Although y- and w- are consonants nevertheless they may be considered as part of finals and do not remove those. Syllables beginning with y- and w- may be considered as standalone forms of finals i, u, ü and finals beginning with i-, u-, ü-. If a syllable begins with j-, q-, x-, or y-, and the final is -u or starts with -u-, then change -u or -u- to -ü or -ü-. Pinyin IPA Final-only form Explanation -i zÌ©, Ê?Ì© n/a Displayed as an i after: zh, ch, sh, r, z, c or s. After z, c or s, sounds like a prolonged zzz sound. After zh, ch, sh or r, sounds like a prolonged American r sound. In some dialects, pronounced slightly more open, allowing a clear-sounding vowel to pass through a high, central, unrounded vowel, something like IPA /ɨ/; say 'zzz' and lower the tongue just enough for the buzzing to go away. a É‘ a as in father o uÉ” o starts with English oo and ends with a plain continental o. e ɤ, É™ e a back, unrounded vowel, which can be formed by first pronouncing a plain continental o AuE and NZE law and then spreading the lips without changing the position of the tongue. That same sound is also similar to English duh, but not as open. Many unstressed syllables in Chinese use the schwa idea, and this is also written as e. ê É› n/a as in bet. Only used in certain interjections. ai aɪ ai like English eye, but a bit lighter ei ei ei as in hey ao É‘ÊŠ ao approximately as in cow; the a is much more audible than the o ou ou̯ ou as in so an an an starts with plain continental a AuE and NZE bud and ends with n en É™n en as in taken ang É‘Å‹ ang as in German Angst, including the English loan word angst starts with the vowel sound in father and ends in the velar nasal; like song in American English eng ɤŋ eng like e above but with ng added to it at the back ong ÊŠÅ‹ n/a starts with the vowel sound in b'ook and ends with the velar nasal sound in sing er É‘É» er like English are exists only on its own, or as the last part of a final in combination with others - see bottom of this list Finals beginning with i- y- i i yi like English ee, except when preceded by c, ch, r, s, sh, z or zh ia iÉ‘ ya as i + a; like English yard io iÉ” yo as i + plain continental o. Only used in certain interjections. ie iÉ› ye as i + ê; but is very short; e pronounced like ê is pronounced longer and carries the main stress similar to the initial sound ye in yet iao iÉ‘ÊŠ yao as i + ao iu iou̯ you as i + ou ian iÉ›n yan as i + ê + n; like English yen in in yin as i + n iang iÉ‘Å‹ yang as i + ang ing iÅ‹ ying as i but with ng added to it at the back iong iÊŠÅ‹ yong as i + ong Finals beginning with u- w- u u wu like English oo ua ua wa as u + a uo uÉ” wo as u + o; the o is pronounced shorter and lighter than in the o final uai uaɪ wai as u + ai ui ueɪ wei as u + ei; here, the i is pronounced like ei uan uan wan as u + an un uÉ™n wen as u + en; like the on in the English won uang uÉ‘Å‹ wang as u + ang; like the ang in English angst or anger n/a uɤŋ weng as u + eng Finals beginning with ü- yu- ü y yu as in German üben or French lune To get this sound, say ee with rounded lips ue yÉ› yue as ü + ê; the ü is short and light üan yÉ›n yuan as ü + ê+ n; ün yn yun as ü + n; Finals that are a combination of finals above + r final ar É‘É» like ar in American English art er ɤɻ as e + r; not to be confused with er final on its own- this form only exists with an initial character before it or uɔɻ as o + r air É‘É» as ar eir É? as schwa + r aor É‘ÊŠÉ» as ao + r our ou̯ɻ as ou + r anr É‘É» as ar enr əɻ as schwa + r angr ɑ̃ɻ as ang + r, with ng removed and the vowel nasalized engr ɤ̃ɻ as eng + r, with ng removed and the vowel nasalized ongr ʊ̃ɻ as ong + r, with ng removed and the vowel nasalized ir iəɻ as i + schwa + r ir əɻ after c, ch, r, s, sh, z, zh: as schwa + r. iar iÉ‘É» as i + ar ier iɛɻ as ie + r iaor iÉ‘ÊŠÉ» as iao + r iur iou̯ɻ as iou + r ianr iÉ‘É» as i + ar inr iəɻ as ir iangr iɑ̃ɻ as i + angr ingr iɤ̃ɻ as i + engr iongr yʊ̃ɻ as i + ongr ur uÉ» as u + r uar uÉ‘É» as u + ar uor uɔɻ as uo + r uair uÉ‘É» as u + ar uir uÉ? as u + schwa + r uanr uÉ‘É» as u + ar unr uəɻ as u + schwa + r uangr uɑ̃ɻ as u + angr ür yəɻ as ü + schwa + r üer yɛɻ as ue + r üanr yÉ‘É» as ü + ar ünr yəɻ as ü + schwa + r Orthography Letters Pinyin differs from other romanizations in several aspects, such as the following: Syllables starting with u are written as w in place of u e.g. ueng is written as weng. Standalone u is written as wu. Syllables starting with i are written as y in place of i e.g. iou is written as you. Standalone i is written as yi. Syllables starting with ü are written as yu in place of ü e.g. üe is written as yue. ü is written as u when there is no ambiguity such as ju, qu, and xu, but written as ü when there are corresponding u syllables such as lü and nü. In such situations where there are corresponding u syllables, it is often replaced with v on a computer, making it easier to type on a standard keyboard. When preceded by a consonant, iou, uei, and uen are simplified as iu, ui, and un which do not represent the actual pronunciation. As in zhùyÄ«n, what are actually pronounced as buo, puo, muo, and fuo are given a separate representation: bo, po, mo, and fo. The apostrophe ' is often used before a, o, and e to separate syllables in a word where ambiguity could arise, especially when omitting tone marks, e.g., pi'ao simplified Chinese: 皮袄; traditional Chinese: 皮襖 vs. piao 票, and Xi'an 西安 vs. xian å…ˆ. Eh alone is written as ê; elsewhere as e. Schwa is always written as e. zh, ch, and sh can be abbreviated as ẑ, ĉ, and Å? z, c, s with a circumflex. However, the shorthands are rarely used due to difficulty of entering them on computers. ng has the uncommon shorthand of Å‹. The letter v is unused （except in spelling foreign languages, languages of minority nationalities, and some dialects9, despite a conscious effort to distribute letters more evenly than in Western languages. Most of the above are used to avoid ambiguity when writing words of more than one syllable in pinyin. For example uenian is written as wenyan because it is not clear which syllables make up uenian; uen-ian, uen-i-an and u-en-i-an are all possible combinations whereas wenyan is unambiguous because we, nya, etc. do not exist in pinyin. A summary of possible pinyin syllables not including tones, can be reviewed at: pinyin table Capitalization and word formation Many writers are not yet aware of the rules for dividing text into words by spaces, and either put a space after each syllable, or run all words together. The manufacturer of these blankets put unnecessary spaces into 'Bishikaike' the correct pinyin for 比什凯克, 'Bishkek' - but wrote the English text on top with no spaces at all. Many writers are not yet aware of the rules for dividing text into words by spaces, and either put a space after each syllable, or run all words together. The manufacturer of these blankets put unnecessary spaces into 'Bishikaike' the correct pinyin for 比什凯克, 'Bishkek' - but wrote the English text on top with no spaces at all. Although Chinese characters represent single syllables, Mandarin Chinese is a polysyllabic language. Spacing in pinyin is based on whole words, not single syllables. However, there are often ambiguities in partitioning a word. Orthographic rules were put into effect in 1988 by the National Educational Commission 国家教育委员会, pinyin: GuójiÄ? Jià oyù WÄ›iyuánhuì and the National Language Commission 国家è¯è¨€æ–‡å—工作委员会, pinyin: GuójiÄ? YÇ”yán Wénzì GÅ?ngzuò WÄ›iyuánhuì. General Single meaning: Words with a single meaning, which are usually set up of two characters sometimes one, seldom three, are written together and not capitalized: rén Chinese: 人, person; péngyou Chinese: 朋å?‹, friend, qiÇŽokèlì simplified Chinese: 巧克力; traditional Chinese: 巧尅力, chocolate Combined meaning 2 characters: Same goes for words combined of two words to one meaning: hÇŽifÄ“ng simplified Chinese: 海风; traditional Chinese: 海風, sea breeze; wèndá simplified Chinese: é—®ç”; traditional Chinese: å•?ç”, QA, quánguó simplified Chinese: 全国; traditional Chinese: 全國, 'pan-national' Combined meaning 4 or more characters: Words with four or more characters having one meaning are split up with their original meaning if possible: wúfèng gÄ?ngguÇŽn simplified Chinese: æ— ç¼?钢管; traditional Chinese: 無縫鋼管, seamless steel-tube; huánjìng bÇŽohù guÄ«huà simplified Chinese: 环境ä¿?护规划; traditional Chinese: 環境ä¿?è·è¦?劃, environmental protection planning Duplicated words AA: Duplicated characters AA are written together: rénrén Chinese: 人人, everybody, kà nkà n Chinese: 看看, to have a look, niánnián Chinese: å¹´å¹´, every year ABAB: two characters duplicated ABAB are written separated: yánjiÅ« yánjiÅ« Chinese: ç ”ç©¶ç ”ç©¶, to study, to research, xuÄ›bái xuÄ›bái Chinese: 雪白雪白, snow-white AABB: A hyphen is used with the schema AABB: láilái-wÇŽngwÇŽng simplified Chinese: æ?¥æ?¥å›žå›ž; traditional Chinese: 來來囬囬, go back and forth, qiÄ?nqiÄ?n-wà nwà n simplified Chinese: å?ƒå?ƒä¸‡ä¸‡; traditional Chinese: 仟仟è?¬è?¬, numerous Nouns and names mÃngcÃ: Nouns are written in one: zhuÅ?zi Chinese: , table, mùtou simplified Chinese: 木头; traditional Chinese: 木é , wood Even if accompanied by a prefix and suffix: fùbùzhÇŽng simplified Chinese: 副部长; traditional Chinese: 副部長, vice minister, chéngwùyuán simplified Chinese: 乘务员; traditional Chinese: 乘務員, conductor, háizimen simplified Chinese: å©å?们; traditional Chinese: å©å?們, children Words of position are separated: mén wà i outdoor, hé li in the river, huÇ’chÄ“ shà ngmian on the train, Huáng Hé yÇ?nán south of the Yellow River Exceptions are words traditionally connected: tiÄ?nshang in the sky, dìxia on the ground, kÅ?ngzhÅ?ng in the air, hÇŽiwà i overseas Surnames are separated from the given name: LÇ? Huá, ZhÄ?ng SÄ?n. If the given name consists of two syllables, it should be written as one: Wáng Jià ngguó. Titles following the name are separated and are not capitalized: Wáng bùzhÇŽng minister Wang, LÇ? xiÄ?nsheng Mr. Li, Tián zhÇ”rèn director Tian, Zhà o tóngzhì comrade Zhao. The forms of addressing people with LÇŽo, XiÇŽo, Dà and A are capitalized: XiÇŽo Liú young Ms. Liu, Dà LÇ? great Mr. Li, A SÄ?n Ah San, LÇŽo Qián senior Mr. Qian, LÇŽo Wú senior Ms. Wu Exceptions are: KÇ’ngzÇ? Master Confucius, BÄ?ogÅ?ng Judge Bao, XÄ«shÄ« a historical person, MèngchángjÅ«n a historical person Geographical names of China: BÄ›ijÄ«ng Shì City of Beijing, HébÄ›i ShÄ›ng Province of Hebei, YÄ?lù JiÄ?ng Yalu River, Tà i ShÄ?n Mt. Taishan, DòngtÃng Hú Lake Donting, TáiwÄ?n HÇŽixiá Taiwan strait Non-Chinese names translated back from Chinese will be written by their original writing: Marx, Einstein, London, Tokyo Verbs dòngcÃ: Verbs and their suffixes -zhe, -le and -guo are written as one: kà nzhe/kà nle/kà nguo to see/saw/seen, jìngxÃngzhe to implement. Le as it appears in the end of a sentence is separated though: HuÇ’chÄ“ dà o le The train has arrived. Verbs and their objects are separated: kà n xìn read a letter, chÄ« yú eat fish, kÄ?i wánxià o to be kidding. If verbs and their complements are each monosyllabic, they are written together, if not, separated: gÇŽohuà i to make broken, dÇŽsÇ? hit to death, huà wéi to become damp, zhÄ›nglÇ? hÇŽo to straighten out, gÇŽixiÄ› wéi rewrite a screenplay Adjectives xÃngróngcÃ: A monosyllabic adjective and its reduplication are written as one: mÄ“ngmÄ“nglià ng dim, lià ngtÄ?ngtÄ?ng shining bright Complements of size or degree as xiÄ“, yÄ«xiÄ“, diÇŽnr, yÄ«diÇŽnr are written separated: dà xiÄ“ a little bigger, kuà i yÄ«diÄ?nr a bit faster Pronouns dà icà The plural suffix -men directly follows up: wÇ’men we, tÄ?men they The demonstrative pronoun zhè this, nà that and the question pronoun nÇŽ which are separated: zhè rén this person, nà cì huìyì that meeting, nÇŽ zhÄ?ng bà ozhÇ? which newspaper Exceptions are: nà li there, zhèbian over here, zhège this piece, zhème so, zhèmeyà ng that way... and similar ones. Numerals and measure words shùcà hé lià ngcà Words like gè/mÄ›i every, each, mÇ’u any, bÄ›n that, gÄ?i that, wÇ’ mine, our, are separated from the measure words following them: gè guó every nation, gè gè everyone, mÄ›i nián every year, mÇ’u gÅ?ngchÇŽng a certain factory, wÇ’ xià o our school. Tones Relative pitch changes of the four tones Relative pitch changes of the four tones The pinyin system also uses diacritics for the four tones of Mandarin, usually above a non-medial vowel. Many books printed in China mix fonts, with vowels and tone marks rendered in a different font than the surrounding text, tending to give such pinyin texts a typographically ungainly appearance. This style, most likely rooted in early technical limitations, has led many to believe that pinyin's rules call for this practice and also for the use of É‘ with no curl over the top rather than the standard style of the letter a found in most fonts. The official rules of Hanyu Pinyin, however, specify no such practice. Note that tone marks can also appear on consonants in certain vowelless exclamations. The first tone Flat or High Level Tone is represented by a macron ˉ added to the pinyin vowel: Ä? É‘Ì„ Ä“ Ä« Å? Å« Ç– Ä€ Ä’ Ī ÅŒ Ū Ç• The second tone Rising or High-Rising Tone is denoted by an acute accent ËŠ: á É‘Ì? é à ó ú ǘ Ã? É Ã? Ó Ú Ç— The third tone Falling-Rising or Low Tone is marked by a caron/háÄ?ek ˇ. It is not the rounded breve ˘, though a breve is sometimes substituted due to font limitations. ÇŽ É‘ÌŒ Ä› Ç? Ç’ Ç” Çš Ç? Äš Ç? Ç‘ Ç“ Ç™ The fourth tone Falling or High-Falling Tone is represented by a grave accent Ë‹: à ɑ̀ è ì ò ù Çœ À È ÃŒ Ã’ Ù Ç› The fifth or neutral tone Neutral Tone is represented by a normal vowel without any accent mark: a É‘ e i o u ü A E I O U Ãœ In some cases, this is also written with a dot before the syllable; for example, ·ma. These tone marks normally are only used in Mandarin textbooks or in foreign learning texts, but they are essential for correct pronunciation of Mandarin syllables, as exemplified by the following classic example of five characters whose pronunciations differ only in their tones: Traditional characters: 媽mÄ? 麻má 馬mÇŽ ç½µmà 嗎·ma Simplified characters: 妈mÄ? 麻má 马mÇŽ 骂mà å?—·ma mÄ? má mÇŽ mà Play sound A sound sample of the four tones Problems listening to the file? See media help. The words are mother, hemp, horse, scold and a question particle, respectively. Numbers in place of tone marks Since most computer fonts do not contain the macron or caron accents, a common convention is to add a digit representing the tone to the end of individual syllables. For example, tóng tong with the rising tone is written tong2. The number used for each tone is as the order listed above except the fifth tone, which, in addition to being numbered 5, is also sometimes not numbered or numbered zero, as in ma0 å?—/å—Ž, an interrogative marker. Tone Tone Mark Number added to end of syllable in place of tone mark Example using tone mark Example using number IPA First macron ˉ 1 mÄ? ma1 mɑ˥˥ Second acute accent ËŠ 2 má ma2 mɑ˧˥ Third caron ˇ 3 mÇŽ ma3 mɑ˨˩˦ Fourth grave accent Ë‹ 4 mà ma4 mɑ˥˩ Neutral or Fifth No mark or dot before syllable · no number 5 0 ma ·ma ma ma5 ma0 Rules for placing the tone mark10 The rules for determining on which vowel the tone mark appears are as follows: If there is more than one vowel and the first vowel is i, u, or ü, then the tone mark appears on the last vowel.1112 In all other cases, the tone mark appears on the vowels in this order: a, o, e. y and w are not considered vowels for these rules. The reasoning behind these rules is in the case of diphthongs and triphthongs, i, u, and ü and their orthographic equivalents y and w when there is no initial consonant are considered medial glides rather than part of the syllable nucleus in Chinese phonology. The rules ensure that the tone mark always appears on the nucleus of a syllable. Another algorithm for determining the vowel on which the tone mark appears is as follows: First, look for an a or an e. If either vowel appears, it takes the tone mark. There are no possible pinyin syllables that contain both an a and an e. If there is no a or e, look for an ou. If ou appears, then the o takes the tone mark. If none of the above cases hold, then the last vowel in the syllable takes the tone mark. The character ü An umlaut is placed over the letter u when it occurs after the initials l and n in order to represent the sound y. This is necessary in order to distinguish the front high rounded vowel in lü e.g. é©´/é©¢ donkey from the back high rounded vowel in lu e.g. 炉/çˆ? oven. Tonal markers are added on top of the umlaut, as in lǘ. However, the ü is not used in other contexts where it represents a front high rounded vowel, namely after the letters j, q, x and y. For example, the sound of the word é±¼/éš fish is transcribed in pinyin simply as yú, not as yǘ. This practice is opposed to Wade-Giles, which always uses ü, and Tongyong Pinyin, which always uses yu. Whereas Wade-Giles needs to use the umlaut to distinguish between chü pinyin ju and chu pinyin zhu, this ambiguity cannot arise with pinyin, so the more convenient form ju is used instead of jü. Genuine ambiguities only happen with nu/nü and lu/lü, which are then distinguished by an umlaut diacritic. Many fonts or output methods do not support an umlaut for ü or cannot place tone marks on top of ü. Likewise, using ü in input methods is difficult because it is not present as a simple key on many keyboard layouts. For these reasons v is sometimes used instead by convention. Occasionally, uu double u, u: u followed by a colon or U capital u is used in its place. Comparison chart Vowels a, e, o, i IPA É‘ É” ɤ aɪ eɪ É‘ÊŠ ɤʊ an É™n É‘Å‹ ɤŋ É‘É» ÊŠÅ‹ i iÉ› iɤʊ iÉ›n iɪn jiÅ‹ Pinyin a o e ai ei ao ou an en ang eng er ong yi ye you yan yin ying Tongyong Pinyin a o e ai ei ao ou an en ang eng er ong yi ye you yan yin ying Wade-Giles a o o/ê ai ei ao ou an ên ang êng êrh ung i yeh yu yen yin ying Zhuyin ã„š ã„› ã„œ ã„ž ã„Ÿ ã„ ã„¡ ã„¢ ã„£ ㄤ ã„¥ ㄦ ㄨㄥ ㄧ ㄧã„? ㄧㄡ ㄧㄢ ㄧㄣ ㄧㄥ example 阿 哦 ä¿„ 艾 黑 凹 å?¶ 安 æ?© 昂 冷 二 ä¸ ä¸€ 也 å?ˆ 言 音 英 Vowels u, y IPA u uÉ” ueɪ uan uÉ™n uÊŠn uɤŋ uÊŠÅ‹ y yÉ› yÉ›n yn iÊŠÅ‹ Pinyin wu wo wei wan wen weng yu yue yuan yun yong Tongyong Pinyin wu wo wei wan wun wong yu yue yuan yun yong Wade-Giles wu wo wei wan wên wêng yü yüeh yüan yün yung Zhuyin ㄨ ㄨㄛ ㄨㄟ ㄨㄢ ㄨㄣ ㄨㄥ ã„© ã„©ã„? ã„©ã„¢ ã„©ã„£ ã„©ã„¥ example 五 我 ä½? 完 æ–‡ ç¿? 玉 月 å…ƒ 云 用 Non-sibilant consonants IPA p pÊ° m fəŋ fÊŠÅ‹ tiou tuei tÊ° ny ly kəɻ kÊ° xÉ™ Pinyin b p m feng diu dui t nü lü ger k he Tongyong Pinyin b p m fong diou duei t nyu lyu ger k he Wade-Giles p p' m fêng tiu tui t' nü lü kêrh k' ho Zhuyin ã„… ㄆ ㄇ ㄈㄥ ㄉㄧㄡ ㄉㄨㄟ ã„Š ã„‹ã„© ㄌㄩ ã„?ㄜㄦ ã„Ž ã„?ã„œ example 玻 婆 末 å°? 丟 å…Œ 特 女 æ—… æŒå„¿ å?¯ 何 Sibilant consonants IPA tÉ•iÉ›n tÉ•yÊŠÅ‹ tɕʰɪn É•yÉ›n ʈʂə ʈʂɚ ʈʂʰə ʈʂʰɚ Ê‚É™ Ê‚Éš Ê?É™ Ê?Éš tsÉ™ tsuÉ” tsɨ tsÊ°É™ tsʰɨ sÉ™ sɨ Pinyin jian jiong qin xuan zhe zhi che chi she shi re ri ze zuo zi ce ci se si Tongyong Pinyin jian jyong cin syuan jhe jhih che chih she shih re rih ze zuo zih ce cih se sih Wade-Giles chien chiung ch'in hsüan chê chih ch'ê ch'ih shê shih jê jih tsê tso tzÅ ts'ê tz'Å sê szÅ Zhuyin ã„?ㄧㄢ ã„?ã„©ã„¥ ㄑㄧㄣ ã„’ã„©ã„¢ ã„“ã„œ ã„“ ㄔㄜ ã„” ã„•ã„œ ã„• ã„–ã„œ ã„– ã„—ã„œ ㄗㄨㄛ ã„— ㄘㄜ ㄘ ㄙㄜ ã„™ example 件 窘 秦 宣 哲 之 扯 赤 社 是 惹 æ—¥ 仄 å·¦ å— ç– æ¬¡ 色 æ–¯ Tones IPA ma˥˥ ma˧˥ ma˨˩˦ ma˥˩ ma Pinyin mÄ? má mÇŽ mà ma Tongyong Pinyin ma má mÇŽ mà mÃ¥ Wade-Giles ma1 ma2 ma3 ma4 ma0 Zhuyin ㄇㄚ ㄇㄚˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄇㄚˋ ㄇㄚ・ example traditional/simplfied 媽/妈 麻/麻 馬/马 ç½µ/骂 媽媽/妈妈 Pinyin in Taiwan Taiwan adopted Tongyong Pinyin on the national level in October 2002. Tongyong Pinyin is a modified version of Hanyu Pinyin. The adoption of Tongyong Pinyin has also resulted in political controversy. Much of the controversy centered on issues of national identity, with proponents of Chinese reunification favoring the Hanyu Pinyin system which is used in the People's Republic of China, and proponents of Taiwanese independence favoring the use of Tongyong Pinyin.citation needed Localities with governments controlled by the Kuomintang, most notably Taipei City, have overridden the 2002 administrative order and converted to Hanyu Pinyin although with a slightly different capitalization convention than the Mainland. As a result, the use of romanization on signage in Taiwan is inconsistent, with many places using Tongyong Pinyin but some using Hanyu Pinyin, and still others not yet having had the resources to replace older Wade-Giles or MPS2 signage. This has resulted in the odd situation in Taipei City in which inconsistent pinyin transcriptions are shown in freeway directions - with freeway signs, which are under the control of the national government, using one pinyin, but surface street signs, which are under the control of the city government, using the other.citation needed Primary education continues to teach pronunciation using the zhùyÄ«n system in Taiwan. Although the ROC government has stated the desire to use romanization rather than zhùyÄ«n in education, the lack of agreement on which form of pinyin to use and the huge logistical challenge of teacher training has stalled these efforts.citation needed Other languages Pinyin-like systems have been devised for other variants of Chinese. Guangdong Romanization is a set of romanizations devised by the government of Guangdong province for Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka Moiyen dialect, and Hainanese. All of these are designed to use Latin letters in a similar way to pinyin. In addition, in accordance to the Regulation of Phonetic Transcription in Hanyu Pinyin Letters of Place Names in Minority Nationality Languages å°‘æ•°æ°‘æ—?è¯åœ°å??汉è¯æ‹¼éŸ³å—æ¯?音译转写法 promulgated in 1976, place names in non-Chinese languages like Mongol, Uyghur, and Tibetan are also officially transcribed using pinyin. The pinyin letters 26 Roman letters, ü, ê are used to approximate the non-Chinese language in question as closely as possible. This results in spellings that are different from both the customary spelling of the place name, and the pinyin spelling of the name in Chinese: Customary Official pinyin for local name Chinese name Pinyin for Chinese name Shigatse Xigazê 日喀则 RìkÄ?zé Urumchi Ãœrümqi 乌é²?木é½? WÅ«lÇ”mùqà Lhasa Lhasa 拉è?¨ LÄ?sà Golmud Golmud æ ¼å°”æœ¨ Gé'Ä›rmù See also: Tibetan Pinyin Comparison with other orthographies Pinyin is now used by foreign students learning Chinese as a second language. Pinyin assigns some Roman letters phonological values which are quite different from that of most languages. Pinyin is purely a representation of the sounds of Mandarin, therefore it lacks the semantic cues that Chinese characters can provide. It is also unsuitable for transcribing some Chinese spoken languages other than Mandarin. Simple computer systems, able only to display only 7-bit ASCII text essentially the 26 Latin letters, 10 digits and punctuation marks, long provided the most convincing argument in favor of pinyin over Hanzi. Today, however, most computer systems are able to display characters from Chinese and many other writing systems as well, and have them entered with a Latin keyboard using an input method or. Alternatively, some PDAs, tablet PCs and digitizing tablets allow users to input characters directly by writing with a stylus. Entering toned Pinyin on a computer Some readers using Internet Explorer may have difficulty displaying characters bearing the third tone mark. If the following character displays as an empty square box: Ç”, do the following: on the menus at the top of the window, select Tools, then Internet Options, then Accessibility. Check the box labeled Ignore font styles specified on Web pages and click OK. After that, select Tools, then Internet Options, then Fonts. In the menu at the left, select Arial Unicode MS or Arial, if this font is not available, then click OK. It may also be necessary to select View or Page on more recent versions of Internet Explorer, then Encoding, then Unicode UTF-8. Mac OS X Activate the US Extended keyboard in System Preferences and then do: Option-a and then vowel to create the first tones: Ä?, Ä“, Ä«, Å?, Å« Option-e and then vowel to create the second tones: á, é, Ã, ó, ú Option-v and then vowel to create the third tone: ÇŽ, Ä›, Ç?, Ç’, Ç” Option-` and then vowel to create the fourth tone: à , è, ì, ò, ù u and then Shift-Option-u and then Shift-Option-a, e, v or ` gives Ç–, ǘ, Çš or Çœ. v may be entered as a vowel to produce a ü. For instance, Option-e v produces ǘ. Option-u u produces a ü without tone marks. Windows Many Chinese IMEs allow an additional Hanyu Pinyin toggle in addition to the simplified/traditional toggle. The user can then type pinyin and tone marks using the alphanumeric keys on a standard keyboard; the popular Ziguang Pinyin IME is one such example. Pinyinput is a Windows-based IME that allows you to type toned pinyin with ease.citation needed Because it works at the system level, it will allow you to type pinyin with tones in any Windows program just as easily as you would type Chinese in fact even easier, because you don't need to select the correct character. Activate the IME then start typing pinyin. Type a number from 1-4 after a pinyin syllable, and the corresponding tone will automatically be placed on the correct vowel of that syllable. Further reading Gao, J. K. 2005. Pinyin shorthand: a bilingual handbook = Pinyin su ji fa. Dallas, TX: Jack Sun. ISBN 1599712512 Kimball, R. L. 1988. Quick reference Chinese: a practical guide to Mandarin for beginners and travelers in English, Pinyin romanization, and Chinese characters. San Francisco, CA: China Books Periodicals. ISBN 0835120368 Wu, C.-j. 1979. The Pinyin Chinese-English dictionary. Hong Kong: Commercial Press. ISBN 0471275573 See also Chinese Postal Map Romanization Combining diacritic marks Legge romanization List of ISO transliterations Pinyin table Tibetan Pinyin Tongyong Pinyin Pinyin method References Yin Binyong 尹斌庸 and Mary Felley 1990. Chinese Romanization. Pronunciation and Orthography Hanyu pinyin he zhengcifa 汉è¯æ‹¼éŸ³å’Œæ£è¯?法. Beijing: Sinolingua. ISBN 7-80052-148-6 / ISBN 0-8351-1930-0. Notes ^ a b Harbaugh, Richard 1998. ä¸æ–‡å—æ™® Chinese Characters: A Genealogy and Dictionary. Zhongwen.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-27. ^ Zou Minglang Sun Hongkai, Language Policy In The People's Republic Of China: Theory And Practice Since 1949, 2004, p.23 ^ Film clip about Zhou Youguang, the Father of pinyin. ^ Accompanying article to the Guardian video of 20 February 2008. ^ 'Hanyu Pinyin system turns 50', Straits Times February 11, 2008 ^ Exception can be found in 'Harbin' simplified Chinese: 哈尔滨; traditional Chinese: 哈爾濱, a name that came from a then foreign/minority language. ^ In this article, there are still references to vowels when the actual subject is finals. This should be carefully clarified. ^ 汉è¯æ‹¼éŸ³æ–¹æ¡ˆ ^ 汉è¯æ‹¼éŸ³å—æ¯?表 ^ Vowels in this section actually refers to finals; specifically, simple finals simplified Chinese: å?•éŸµæ¯?; traditional Chinese: 單韻æ¯?. The word vowel is not used in official Chinese publications. ^ pinyin tone mark placement ^ Chinese 汉è¯æ‹¼éŸ³æ–¹æ¡ˆ:声调, Chinese External links Auto-converters Add toned Pinyin on top of Chinese characters Convert Chinese to Pinyin Loqu8 iNterpreter: Translates simplified or traditional Chinese to Pinyin with tone marks and English. Google IME: Chinese Input Method or IME Pinyin4j: Java library supporting Chinese to various pinyin representations Supports Simplified and Traditional Chinese; target pinyin systems include Hanyu Pinyin, Tongyong Pinyin, Wade-Giles, MPS2, Yale and Gwoyeu Romatzyh; supports multiple pronunciations of a single character; supports customized output, such as ü or tone marks. Pinyinput An IME that outputs pinyin with tone marks and greatly simplifies the process of entering pinyin with tone marks on Windows. Pinyin Annotator Displays pinyin above any Chinese text in Firefox or next to individual words in IE. Mouse over any word to see English translation. Save output to OpenOffice Writer format. Prints nicely. Also adds pinyin to any Chinese web page. Pinyin Translator: Displays pinyin with tone marks for traditional or simplified Chinese text. Pinyin is displayed after each Chinese word. Pinyin Tone Tool Converts pinyin with tone numbers into pinyin with tone marks above the correct vowels. Doesn't require page re-loads. Pinyin Annotation Tool Displays pinyin below any simplified Chinese text. Offers choice of annotating all characters or only less common characters, depending on skill level. Other Online Chinese typing with tones Comprehensive explanation of Pinyin English Wiktionary - Useful resource for identifying Chinese characters copy and paste individual characters into search box Hanyu Pinyin Information Pinyin Bible Read/Write using Unicode Tongyong and Hanyu Pinyin U.S. Library of Congress conversion page Wiktionary:Pinyin index Zhuyin-Wade-Giles-Pinyin-Word List Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Pinyin Categories: ISO standards | Chinese romanization | Phonetic alphabets | Mandarin words and phrases | Phonetic guidesHidden categories: articles needing clarification | All articles with statements | Articles with statements since August 2008 | Articles with statements since February 2007 | Articles with statements since July 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية Asturianu AzÉ™rbaycan Brezhoneg БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Ù?ارسی Français Galego 文言 í•œêµì–´ Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ã?slenska Italiano עברית ქáƒ?რთული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழà¯? ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 16 August 2008, at 05:36
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