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20-September-2008 09:29:07 - Polysaccharide 3D structure of cellulose. 3D structure of cellulose. Polysaccharides are relatively complex carbohydrates. They are polymers made up of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds. They are therefore very large, often branched, macromolecules. They tend to be amorphous, insoluble in water, and have no sweet taste. When all the monosaccharides in a polysaccharide are the same type the polysaccharide is called a homopolysaccharide, but when more than one type of monosaccharide is present they are called heteropolysaccharides. Examples include storage polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin. Polysaccharides have a general formula of CnH2On-1 where n is usually a large number between 200 and 2500. Considering that the repeating units in the polymer backbone are often six-carbon monosaccharides, the general formula can also be represented as C6H10O5n where n=40...3000. Contents 1 Storage polysaccharides 1.1 Starches 1.2 Glycogen 2 Structural polysaccharides 2.1 Cellulose 3 Acidic polysaccharides 4 Bacterial capsule polysaccharides 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Storage polysaccharides Starches Starches are glucose polymers in which glucopyranose units are bonded by alpha-linkages. It is made up of a mixture of Amylose and Amylopectin. Amylose consists of a linear chain of several hundred glucose molecules and Amylopectin is a branched molecule made of several thousand glucose units. Starches are insoluble in water. They can be digested by hydrolysis, catalyzed by enzymes called amylases, which can break the alpha-linkages glycosidic bonds. Humans and other animals have amylases, so they can digest starches. Potato, rice, wheat, and corn are major sources of starch in the human diet. Glycogen Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is found in animals and is composed of a branched chain of glucose residues. It is stored in liver and muscles. Structural polysaccharides Cellulose The structural component of plants are formed primarily from cellulose. Wood is largely cellulose and lignin, while paper and cotton are nearly pure cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer made with repeated glucose units bonded together by beta-linkages. Humans and many other animals lack an enzyme to break the beta-linkages, so they do not digest cellulose. Certain animals can digest cellulose, because bacteria possessing the enzyme are present in their gut. The classic example is the termite. Acidic polysaccharides Acidic polysaccharides are polysaccharides that contain carboxyl groups, phosphate groups and/or sulfuric ester groups. Bacterial capsule polysaccharides Pathogenic bacteria commonly produce a thick, mucous-like, layer of polysaccharide. This capsule cloaks antigenic proteins on the bacterial surface that would otherwise provoke an immune response and thereby lead to the destruction of the bacteria. Capsular polysaccharides are water soluble, commonly acidic, and have molecular weights on the order of 100-1000 kDa. They are linear and consist of regularly repeating subunits of one ~ six monosaccharides. There is enormous structural diversity; nearly two hundred different polysaccharides are produced by E. coli alone. Mixtures of capsular polysaccharides, either conjugated or native are used as vaccines. Bacteria and many other microbes, including fungi and algae, often secrete polysaccharides as an evolutionary adaptation to help them adhere to surfaces and to prevent them from drying out. Humans have developed some of these polysaccharides into useful products, including xanthan gum, dextran, gellan gum, and pullulan. Cell-surface polysaccharides play diverse roles in bacterial ecology and physiology. They serve as a barrier between the cell wall and the environment, mediate host-pathogen interactions, and form structural components of biofilms. These polysaccharides are synthesized from nucleotide-activated precursors called nucleotide sugars and, in most cases, all the enzymes necessary for biosynthesis, assembly and transport of the completed polymer are encoded by genes organized in dedicated clusters within the genome of the organism. Lipopolysaccharide is one of the most important cell-surface polysaccharides, as it plays a key structural role in outer membrane integrity, as well as being an important mediator of host-pathogen interactions. The enzymes that make the A-band homopolymeric and B-band heteropolymeric O-antigens have been identified and the metabolic pathways defined.1 The exopolysaccharide alginate is a linear copolymer of β-1,4-linked D-mannuronic acid and L-guluronic acid residues, and is responsible for the mucoid phenotype of late-stage cystic fibrosis disease. The pel and psl loci are two recently discovered gene clusters that also encode exopolysaccharides found to be important for biofilm formation. Rhamnolipid is a biosurfactant whose production is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level, but the precise role that it plays in disease is not well understood at present. Protein glycosylation, particularly of pilin and flagellin, is a recent focus of research by several groups and it has been shown to be important for adhesion and invasion during bacterial infection.2 See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Polysaccharides Polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria Glycans References Sutherland, I. W. 2002 Polysaccharides from Microorganisms, Plants and Animals, in: Biopolymers, Volume 5, Polysaccharides I: Polysaccharides from Prokaryotes Vandamme, E. J., Ed., Weiheim: Wiley VCH, pp. 1-19. ISBN 978-3-527-30226-0 ^ Guo H, Yi W, Song JK, Wang PG 2008. Current understanding on biosynthesis of microbial polysaccharides. Curr Top Med Chem 8 2: 141-51. doi:10.2174/156802608783378873. PMID 18289083. ^ Cornelis P or. 2008. Pseudomonas: Genomics and Molecular Biology, 1st ed., Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-19-6 . External links Polysaccharide Structure Applications and commercial sources of polysaccharides v d e Types of Carbohydrates General: Aldose | Ketose | Pyranose | Furanose Geometry Cyclohexane conformation | Anomer | Mutarotation Monosaccharides Trioses Ketotriose Dihydroxyacetone | Aldotriose Glyceraldehyde Tetroses Ketotetrose Erythrulose | Aldotetroses Erythrose, Threose Pentoses Ketopentose Ribulose, Xylulose Aldopentose Ribose, Arabinose, Xylose, Lyxose Deoxy sugar Deoxyribose Hexoses Ketohexose Psicose, Fructose, Sorbose, Tagatose Aldohexose Allose, Altrose, Glucose, Mannose, Gulose, Idose, Galactose, Talose Deoxy sugar Fucose, Fuculose, Rhamnose Heptose Sedoheptulose Multiple Disaccharides Sucrose | Lactose | Trehalose | Maltose Trisaccharides Raffinose | Melezitose | Maltotriose Tetrasaccharides Acarbose | Stachyose Other oligosaccharides Fructooligosaccharide FOS | Galacto-oligosaccharide GOS | Mannan-oligosaccharides MOS Polysaccharide Glycogen | Starch Amylose | Amylopectin | Cellulose | Chitin | Inulin | Dextrin | Glucan Beta-glucan Glycosaminoglycans Heparin | Chondroitin sulfate | Hyaluronan | Heparan sulfate | Dermatan sulfate | Keratan sulfate Aminoglycosides Kanamycin | Streptomycin | Tobramycin | Neomycin | Paromomycin | Apramycin | Gentamicin | Netilmicin | Amikacin Major families of biochemicals Saccharides | Carbohydrates | Glycosides | | Amino acids | Peptides | Proteins | Glycoproteins | | Lipids | Terpenes | Steroids | Carotenoids Alkaloids | Nucleobases | Nucleic acids | | Enzyme cofactors | Flavonoids | Polyketides | Tetrapyrroles Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Polysaccharide Categories: Organic polymers | Polysaccharides Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية БеларуÑ?каÑ? тарашкевіца Bosanski БългарÑ?ки ÄŒesky Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gà idhlig Galego Ido Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Shqip SlovenÄ?ina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 10 August 2008, at 17:39
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