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20-September-2008 09:29:07 - Raw foodism March 2008 This article is about raw food consumption by humans. For a raw diet for cats or dogs, see Raw feeding. A raw tomato sauce with olives, celery, spinach and walnuts on courgette zucchini 'pasta' noodles. A raw tomato sauce with olives, celery, spinach and walnuts on courgette zucchini 'pasta' noodles. Raw foodism or rawism is a lifestyle promoting the consumption of uncooked, unprocessed, and often organic foods as a large percentage of the diet. Depending on the type of lifestyle and results desired, raw food diets may include a selectıon of raw fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds including sprouted whole grains, eggs, fish, meat, and unpasteurized dairy products such as raw milk, cheese and yogurt. A raw foodist or 'rawist' is a person who consumes primarily raw food, or all raw food, depending on how strict the diet is. Raw foodists typically believe that the greater the percentage of raw food in the diet, the greater the health benefits. Raw foodists can be divided between those that advocate vegetarianism or veganism, and those that advocate an omnivorous diet. Adherents of raw foodism believe that consumption of uncooked foods encourages weight loss and prevents and/or heals many forms of sickness and chronic diseases. Recent medical studies indicate that different forms of raw-food diets may lead to various health problems, including lower bone density,1 amennorhea2 and dental erosion.3 Richard Wrangham, a primate researcher, has argued, controversially,45 that cooking is obligatory for humans, as a result of biological adaptations to cooked foods.678 Contents 1 Background 1.1 History 1.2 Beliefs 2 Raw food diets 2.1 Food preparation 2.2 Avoiding poisoning 3 Raw food movement 4 Research 4.1 Early 20th century 4.2 Recent research 5 Criticism and controversies 6 See also 7 References Background History Raw foods gained prominence throughout the 1900s, as proponents such as Ann Wigmore and Herbert Shelton stated that a diet of raw fruits and vegetables is the ideal diet for humans. Interest in the Raw Foods Movement continues to grow today, and especially prevalent in the Western United States, like California where many resources are available for one to learn more about and practice a raw foods lifestyle. Artturi Virtanen 1895-1973, showed that enzymes in uncooked foods are released in the mouth when vegetables are chewed. Raw foodists extrapolate from such research the supposition that these enzymes interact with other substances, notably the enzymes produced by the body itself, to aid in the digestion process. Francis M. Pottenger, Jr.'s laboratory work with generations of cats fed on either cooked or raw foods concluded that a diet exclusively of raw milk and meat was the only adequate intake of nutrition which ensured the maintenance of optimal health for the cats.910 Leslie Kenton's book, The New Raw Energy, in 1984 popularized food such as sprouts, seeds, and fresh vegetable juices, which have become staples in many different food cultures. The book brought together research into raw foodism and its support of health, citing examples such as the sprouted seed enriched diets of the long lived Hunza people, as well as Max Gerson's claim of a raw juice-based cancer cure. The book advocates a diet of 75% raw food in order to prevent degenerative diseases, slow the effects of aging, provide enhanced energy, and boost emotional balance. Restaurants catering to a raw food diet have opened in large cities,11 and numerous all-raw cookbooks have been published.12 Currently, there exist many proponents of the Raw Foods lifestyle, that have resources available on proper nutrition and transitional lifestyle diet changes, including Carol Alt, Alissa Cohen, Douglas Graham, David Jubb, Karl Loren, Joseph Mercola, Matt Monarch, Paul Nison, Vinny Pinto, Angela Stokes, Shazzie, Kate Magic Wood, Aajonus Vonderplanitz, Norman W. Walker and David Wolfe. Vast resources, including forums, recipes, personal testimony, nutritional guides, medical information, and products, exist online as well and are available for anyone interested in researching Raw Foods. In the documentary film Supercharge Me! an overweight woman filmed her experience of eating exclusively raw fruits and vegetables for 30 days to show the results, taking the opposite approach of Super Size Me. Increasing numbers of long-term raw vegans believe that to sustain the diet daily inclusion of superfoods and/or supplements are necessary, particularly for children and mothers. Many raw vegan children have been shown to have problems with tooth decay which is believed to be a result of vitamin D deficiency. Mothers are encouraged either to supplement or include raw dairy products to avoid irrevocable damage to their children's health.13 Beliefs Common beliefs held by raw foodists: Raw foods contain enzymes which aid digestion, meaning that the body's own enzymes may work unimpeded in regulating the body's metabolic processes, and heating food above 110-120 degrees Fahrenheit degrades or destroys these enzymes in food. Eating food without enzymes makes digestion more difficult, which could lead to toxicity in the body and cause excess consumption of food, obesity and chronic disease. Raw foods contain bacteria and other micro-organisms that affect the immune system and digestion by populating the digestive tract with gut flora. Raw foods have higher nutrient values than foods which have been cooked. Wild foods are the most nutritious raw foods. Freezing food is acceptable, even though freezing lowers enzyme activity. This view is only held by some raw-foodists, with many raw-foodists actually viewing freezing as harmful, though not as unhealthy as cooking. Raw food diets The following popular diets include only raw foods: Diet Raw foods included in the diet Notable adherents Instinctive eating anopsology fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds and meat - typically excludes dairy Guy-Claude Burger, Bruno Comby, Renato F. Sison, Severen L.Schaeffer. Fruitarianism fruit, nuts and seeds, and sometimes greens, sprouted grains legumes Morris Krok Primal diet14 fatty meats, dairy, honey, minimal fruit and vegetable juices Aajonus Vonderplanitz Raw foodism food from all food groups unheated or warmed to a temp less than 105 degrees Jason Mraz Raw veganism fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds and sprouted grains and legumes Shazzie, David Wolfe, Gabriel Cousens, Tonya Kay Raw vegetarianism fruit, vegetables, sprouts, nuts, seeds, grains, legumes, dairy, eggs and honey Raw meat diet15 lean and fatty meats, organ-meats, fruit, vegetables, honey, nuts, fish, shellfish, eggs - often though not always excludes dairy, grains, legumes and vegetable juices Vinny Pinto Sproutarianism mainly sprouted seeds Food preparation Many foods in raw food diets are simple to prepare, such as fruits, salads, meat, and dairy. Other foods can require considerable advanced planning to prepare for eating. Rice and some other grains, for example, require sprouting or overnight soaking to become digestible. Many raw foodists believe it is best to soak nuts before eating them, in order to activate their enzymes, and deactivate enzyme inhibitors. Preparation of gourmet raw food recipes usually call for a blender, food processor, juicer, and dehydrator. Depending on the recipe, some food such as crackers, breads and cookies may need to be dehydrated. These processes, which produce foods with the taste and texture of cooked food, are lengthy. Some raw foodists dispense with these foods, feeling that there is no need to emulate the other non-raw diets. Care may be required in planning a raw food diet, especially for children. There is little research on how to plan a nutritionally adequate raw food diet; nutritionists and raw M.D.s are usually willing to provide professional advice. Raw foodists believe that with sufficient food energy, essential fatty acids, variety and density, people of all ages can be successful at eating raw foods, although whether the diet works for any one person depends on their unique metabolism. It should be noted that those who eat a raw omnivorous diet usually choose to obtain their meats from free-range and grass-fed sources. This greatly diminishes the risk of harmful bacteria. A study by Cornell University has determined that grass-fed animals have far fewer E. coli approx. 300 times less than their grain fed counterparts. Also in the same study, the amount of E. coli they do have is much less likely to survive our first line defense against infection, stomach acid. Grass-fed meat also has more nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and Omega-3 fatty acids, than grain-finished meat 16 Avoiding poisoning As the consumption of raw foods gains popularity, some unsafe foods have re-entered the diets of humans. The following should be consumed with caution: Buckwheat greens are toxic when raw, particularly if juiced or eaten in large quantities by fair skinned individuals. The chemical component fagopyrum is known to cause severe photosensitivity and other dermatological complaints. Kidney beans, including sprouts, are toxic when raw.17 Rhubarb: when eaten in sufficient quantity, leaves can be toxic when raw, stalks are completely safe to eat when harvested early. Potatoes: a member of the nightshade family, can produce the toxic alkaloid solanine. The flesh of the potato just beneath the skins is usually green if solanine is present, but one may be present without the other. Solanine can be removed by peeling the potatoes, or neutralized by cooking in a deep fryer.18 In processed potatoes such as chips and fries, there is little hazard since peels are removed and they are fried.1920 Raw foods contain bacteria and may contain parasites, which may cause foodborne illnesses. Washing properly according to Health Department will cleanse the food properly along with proper storage. Raw food movement Early proponents include Johnny Love-Wisdom, Ann Wigmore and Viktoras Kulvinskas co-founders of the Hippocrates Health Institute, Arnold Ehret author and advocate of fasting, A Hovannessian and Norman W. Walker who advocated the consumption of juices, living up to the age of 99 years. Notable contemporary proponents include several published authors and lecturers such as David Wolfe, Shazzie, Kate Magic Wood, Gabriel Cousens, Victoria Boutenko, Joseph Mercola and Sarma Melngailis, Alissa Cohen, Carol Alt and Aajonus Vonderplanitz. Celebrities following Raw-Animal-Food diets include Mel Gibson who follows the Tiger Diet, Demi Moore and Uma Thurman.21 Other raw-foodist celebrities include Kathy Lenon, James Brolin, Frankie Laine and Laura Dern. The principles of Natural hygiene promote a mainly raw vegan diet. Famous natural hygienists have included Herbert Shelton and Anthony Robbins. Superfoods have been gaining increasing popularity among raw fooders over the past few years, notably maca, goji berries, and cacao. In April 2008, Rawcreation published the world's first superfood recipe book by Kate Magic Wood, titled Raw Magic, Recipes for the Revolution. Research Early 20th century A 1933 paper by E. B. Forbes says, Cooking renders food pasty, so that it sticks to the teeth, and undergoes acid fermentation. Furthermore, the cooking of food greatly diminishes the need for use of the teeth; and thus tends to diminish the circulation of blood to the jaws and teeth, and to produce under-development of the maxillary and contiguous bones-thus leading to contracted dental arches, and to malocclusion and impaction of the teeth, with complications of great seriousness.22 In a 1936 work entitled Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, dentist Weston A. Price observed dental degeneration in the first generation who abandoned traditional nutrient dense foods which included unprocessed raw foods e.g. unpasteurised milk products, fruit and dried meats. Price stated that the parents of such first generation children had excellent jaw development and dental health, while their children had malocclusion and tooth decay and attributed this to their new modern insufficient nutrient diet which would have included a proportion of raw food. Weston A. Price however was not a proponent of a raw food diet, and in Nutrition and Physical Degeneration presents data that many traditional peoples ate some proportion of cooked food in their diet. Dr. Edward Howell, an Illinois physician, wrote Food Enzymes for Health Longevity in 1941. Forty years later he published Enzyme Nutrition And Eat Me Raw, Two books in which he argued that the pancreas is forced to work harder on a diet of cooked foods, and that food enzymes are just as essential to digestion as the body's self-generated enzymes, statements which have not been verified. The book was based largely on ideas from his previous book, and ideas derived from flawed enzyme research from the 1930s before it was established that enzymes were proteins. Although this book presents his theory of diet, Howell does not provide any original scientific research to support his conjectures. Recent research Some studies have indicated detrimental health effects stemming from a raw food diet. A 2005 study has shown that a raw food vegetarian diet is associated with a lower bone density.1 One study of raw veganism shows amenorrhea and underweightness in women,2 and another one indicates an increased risk of dental erosion.3 Criticism and controversies Richard Wrangham, a primate researcher and critic of raw-food diets, has argued that humans have become biologically adapted to cooked foods, coinciding with increased brain sizes in hominids 1.8 million years ago.678 This idea has been disputed by archaeologists such as Loring Brace and Henry Bunn, as most archaeological evidence suggests that cooking fires began in earnest barely 250,000 years ago, when ancient hearths, earth ovens, burnt animal bones, and flint appear across Europe and the middle East.54 Recent research suggests that the development of cooking around this time stimulated major advances in human cognitive abilities by decreasing the energy needed by the digestive system and freeing calories for the brain 23. Christopher Wanjek, Live Science's Bad Medicine Columnist says on one level the raw diet has much going for it but on another level, this is just whacked. He disputes claims that a 100% uncooked diet is more natural because our human ancestors ate roasted grasshoppers or other small critters caught in forest fires and brushfires. Another main claim by raw food advocates is that heat from cooking destroys enzymes in the food. Enzymes are proteins that serve as catalysts for specific biochemical reactions in the body. There are indeed many forms of enzymes. There are plant enzymes, digestive enzymes and metabolic enzymes, for example. And, yes, heat can destroy enzymes. But plant enzymes, which raw dieters wish to preserve, are largely mashed up with other proteins and rendered useless by acids in the stomach. Not cooking them doesn't save them from this fate. Anyway, the plant enzymes were for the plants. They helped with the plants' growth, and they are responsible for the wilting and decomposition of plants after they are harvested. They are not needed for human digestion. Human digestive enzymes are used for human digestion. Raw foods certainly aren't safer than cooked food, as some claim. Most commercial chicken and a good deal of beef and pork, sadly, are loaded with bacteria and parasites.24 See also Cooking Food safety Healthy diet References ^ a b Fontana L, Shew JL, Holloszy JO, Villareal DT. Low bone mass in subjects on a long-term raw vegetarian diet. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Mar 28;1656:684-9. PMID 15795346 ^ a b Koebnick C, Strassner C, Hoffmann I, Leitzmann C. Consequences of a long-term raw food diet on body weight and menstruation: results of a questionnaire survey. Ann Nutr Metab. 1999;432:69-79. PMID 10436305 ^ a b Ganss C, Schlechtriemen M, Klimek J. Dental erosions in subjects living on a raw food diet. Caries Res. 1999;331:74-80. PMID 9831783 ^ a b Cooking Up Bigger Brains: Scientific American ^ a b Pennisi: Did Cooked Tubers Spur the Evolution of Big Brains? ^ a b Wrangham R, Conklin-Brittain N. 2003 Sep. Cooking as a biological trait. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 136 1: 35-46. doi:10.1016/S1095-64330300020-5. PMID 14527628. ^ a b Wrangham, Richard 2006. The Cooking Enigma, in Ungar, Peter S.: Evolution of the Human Diet: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable. Oxford, USA: Oxford University Press, 308-23. ISBN 0195183460. ^ a b Wobber V, Hare B, Wrangham R. 2008 May 15. Great apes prefer cooked food. J Hum Evol. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.03.003. PMID 18486186. ^ Nutrition Hall of Fame: Francis M. Pottenger, MD ^ The effects of heat-processed food... on the dento-facial structure of animals by F.M.Pottenger, American Journal of Orthodontics and Oral Surgery August 1946, p467 ^ Live-Food.com: Locations ^ Raw and Live Food Vegetarian Books ^ http://shazzie.com/raw/articles/raw_vegan_children.shtml ^ Meat: A Love Story ^ Bloomfield, Steve June 12, 2005. The raw meat diet: do you have the stomach for the latest celebrity food fad?. The Independent. ^ http://www.csuchico.edu/agr/grassfedbeef/health-benefits/index.html ^ N.D. Noah, A.E. Bender, G.B. Reaidi, and R.J. Gilbert. Food poisoning from raw red kidney beans. British Medical Journal 1980 July 19;2816234:236-7. ^ Executive Summary of Chaconine Solanine, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences ^ The University of Nebraska, Lincoln, The Potato Education Guide: Greening http://www.panhandle.unl.edu/potato/html/greening.htm ^ Food Science Australia, Greening of Potatoes http://www.foodscience.afisc.csiro.au/spuds.htm ^ .http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/the-rawfood-diet-497662.html ^ The Ohio Journal of Science. Vol. 33, No.5 September, 1933, 389-406 ^ Cooking and Cognition: How Humans Got so Smart. http://www.livescience.com/culture/080811-brain-evolution.html ^ livescience article The Raw Food Diet: A Raw Deal published July 4, 2006 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Raw_foodism Categories: Diets | Diet and food fads | California cultureHidden category: Articles needing additional references from March 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Français Nederlands 日本語 Polski РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English Suomi This page was last modified on 16 August 2008, at 20:00
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