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20-September-2008 09:29:07 - Sea-buckthorn Sea-buckthorn Common Sea-buckthorn shrub in The Netherlands Common Sea-buckthorn shrub in The Netherlands Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Family: Elaeagnaceae Genus: Hippophae L. Species Hippophae rhamnoides Hippophae salicifolia The sea-buckthorns Hippophae L. are deciduous shrubs in the genus Hippophae, family Elaeagnaceae. The name sea-buckthorn is hyphenated here to avoid confusion with the buckthorns Rhamnus, family Rhamnaceae. It is also referred to as sea buckthorn, seabuckthorn, sandthorn or seaberry1. Since 2005 in the United States, other such developed countries and the global functional food industry, there has been a rapidly growing recognition of sea-buckthorn berries for their consumer product potential, exceptional nutrient content and antioxidant qualities2, giving them commercial status as a novel superfruit3. Contents 1 Description and distribution 1.1 Names in different languages 1.2 Berries and leaves 2 Uses 2.1 Harvesting and landscaping 2.2 Nutrients, potential health effects and cosmetics 2.3 Traditional medicine 3 Organizations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links 7 See also Description and distribution There are 6 species and 12 subspecies native over a wide area of Europe and Asia, including China, Mongolia, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Great Britain, France, Denmark, Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Finland, Sweden and Norway. More than 90 percent or about 1.5 million hectares of the world's sea buckthorn resources can be found in China where the plant is exploited for soil and water conservation purposes4. The shrubs reach 0.5-6 m tall, rarely up to 18 m in central Asia, and typically occur in dry, sandy areas. They are tolerant of salt in the air and soil, but demand full sunlight for good growth and do not tolerate shady conditions near larger trees. Common Sea-buckthorn foliage and berries Common Sea-buckthorn foliage and berries The common sea-buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides is by far the most widespread, with a range extending from the Atlantic coasts of Europe right across to northwestern China. In western Europe, it is largely confined to sea coasts where salt spray off the sea prevents other larger plants from out-competing it, but in central Asia it is more widespread in dry semi-desert sites where other plants cannot survive the dry conditions; in central Europe and Asia it also occurs as a subalpine shrub above tree line in mountains, and other sunny areas such as river banks. Common sea-buckthorn has branches that are dense and stiff, and very thorny. The leaves are a distinct pale silvery-green, lanceolate, 3-8 cm long and less than 7 mm broad. It is dioecious, with separate male and female plants. The male produces brownish flowers which produce wind-distributed pollen. Names in different languages Sea-buckthorn is known in different languages as: Чацаргана Mongolian, 沙棘 ShÄ?jÃ, Chinese, Astelpaju Estonian, Duindoorn Dutch, Tyrni Finnish, Argousier French, Sanddorn German, Olivello Spinoso Italian, Облепиха Oblepikha, Russian, Espino de Mar, Falso Espino, Espino Amarillo Spanish, Havtorn Swedish and Danish, Chichxan Armenian 5. Berries and leaves The female plants produce orange berries 6-9 mm in diameter, soft and juicy, and rich in vitamin C on average 600 mg per 100g and sometimes up to 1500 mg per 100g6; some varieties are also rich in vitamin A, vitamin E, and oils. The berries are an important winter food resource for some birds, notably Fieldfares. Leaves are eaten by the larva of the coastal race of the Ash Pug moth and by larvae of other Lepidoptera including Brown-tail, The Dun-bar, Emperor Moth, Mottled Umber and Coleophora elaeagnisella. Close-up of fruit of Common Sea-Buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides Close-up of fruit of Common Sea-Buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides Hippophae salicifolia Willow-leaved Sea-buckthorn is restricted to the Himalaya, to the south of the common sea-buckthorn, growing at high altitudes in dry valleys; it differs from H. rhamnoides in broader to 10 mm broad, greener less silvery leaves, and yellow berries. A wild variant occurs in the same area, but at even higher altitudes in the alpine zonecitation needed. It is a low shrub not growing taller than 1 m with small leaves 1-3 cm long. Uses Harvesting and landscaping Harvesting is difficult due to the densely thorny nature of the shrubs. A common harvesting technique is to remove an entire branch, though this is destructive to the shrub and reduces future harvests. A branch removed in this way is next frozen, and then the berries can be easily shaken off. The branches are cut, deep frozen to -32°C. They are slightly defrosted on the surface during the removal of the berries from the branches and afterwards cleaned. The worker then crushes the berries to remove up to 95% of the leaves and other debris. This causes the berries to melt slightly from the surface as the work takes place at ambient temperature about 20°C. Berries are later stored at -22°C. The most effective way to harvest the berries and not damage the branches is by using a berry-shaker which was developed in Estonia some time ago. Mechanical harvesting leaves up to 50% in the field and the berries can be harvested only once in two years. They only get about 25% of the yield that could be harvested with this relatively new piece of machinery. During the Cold War, Russian and East German horticulturists developed new varieties with greater nutritional value, larger berries, different ripening months and a branch form that is easier to harvest. Over the past 20 years, experimental crops have been grown in the United States, one in Nevada and one in Arizona, and in western provinces of Canada1. Sea-buckthorn is also a popular garden and landscaping shrub, particularly making a good vandal-proof barrier hedge with an aggressive basal shoot system exploited in some parts of the world to stabilize riverbanks and steep slopes. They have value in northern climates for their landscape qualities, as their colorful berry clusters are retained through winter.7 Branches are used by florists for designing ornaments. The plant is the regional flora of the Finnish region of Satakunta. Nutrients, potential health effects and cosmetics Sea-buckthorn berries are multipurposed, edible and nutritious, though very acidic and astringent, unpleasant to eat raw, unless 'bletted' frosted to reduce the astringency and/or mixed as a juice with sweeter substances such as apple or grape juice. They can also be used to make pies or jams, lotions and liquors. When the berries are pressed, the resulting sea-buckthorn juice separates into three layers: on top is a thick, orange cream; in the middle, a layer containing sea-buckthorn's characteristic high content of saturated and polyunsaturated fats; and the bottom layer is sediment and juice23. Containing fat sources applicable for cosmetic purposes, the upper two layers can be processed for skin creams and liniments, whereas the bottom layer can be used for edible products4. Nutrient and phytochemical constituents of sea-buckthorn berries have potential value as antioxidants that may affect inflammatory disorders, cancer8 or other diseases,9 although no specific health benefits have yet been proved in humans. The seed and pulp oils have nutritional properties that vary under different processing methods10 The fruit of the plant has a high vitamin C content-in a range of 114 to 1550 mg per 100 grams11 with an average content 695 mg per 100 grams about 12 times greater than the 50 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams found in orange- placing sea-buckthorn fruit among the most enriched plant sources of vitamin C5. The fruit also contains dense contents of carotenoids, vitamin E, amino acids, dietary minerals, β-sitosterol and polyphenolic acids1213. Sea-buckthorn is used as a source for ingredients in several commercially available cosmetic products and nutritional supplements. Apart from being nourishing, the juice has a freezing point of -22 degrees Celsius allowing it to remain a liquid even in sub-zero temperaturescitation needed. For its troops confronting extremely low temperatures see Siachen, India's Defence Research Development Organization established a factory in Leh to manufacture a multi-vitamin herbal beverage based on sea-buckthorn juice14. Traditional medicine Different parts of sea-buckthorn have been used as traditional therapies for diseases6 see References. As no applications discussed in this section have been verified by Western science and sufficient clinical trial evidence, such knowledge remains mostly unreferenced outside of Asia and is communicated mainly from person to person. Grown widely throughout its native China and other mainland regions of Asia, sea-buckthorn is an herbal medicine used over centuries to relieve cough, aid digestion, invigorate blood circulation and alleviate pain. In Mongolia, extracts of sea-buckthorn branches and leaves are used to treat gastrointestinal distress in humans and animals. Bark and leaves are used for treating diarrhea, gastrointestinal, dermatologic disorders and topical compressions for rheumatoid arthritis. Flowers may be used as a skin softener. For its hemostatic and anti-inflammatory effects, berry fruits are added to medications for pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cardiac, blood and metabolic disorders in Indian, Chinese and Tibetan medicines. Sea-buckthorn berry components have potential anticarcinogenic activity 78. Fresh juice, syrup and berry or seed oils are used for colds, fever, exhaustion, as an analgesic or treatment for stomach ulcers, cancer, and metabolic disorders. Called 'Chharma' in some native languages, oil from fruits and seeds is used for liver diseases, inflammation, disorders of the gastrointestinal system, including peptic ulcers and gastritis, eczema, canker sores and other ulcerative disorders of mucosal tissues, wounds, inflammation, burns, frostbite, psoriasis, rosacea, lupus erythematosus, and chronic dermatoses. In ophthalmology, berry extracts have been used for keratitis, trachoma, eyelid injuries and conjunctivitis. Organizations The International Seabuckthorn Association15, formerly the International Center for Research and Training on Seabuckthorn ICRTS, was formed jointly in 1988 by the China Research and Training Center on Seabuckthorn, the Seabuckthorn Office of the Yellow River Water Commission, and the Shaanxi Seabuckthorn Development Office. From 1995 to 2000, ICRTS published the research journal, Hippophae16 which appears to be no longer active. In 2005, the EAN-Seabuck network between European Union states, China, Russia and New Independent States was funded by the European Commission to promote sustainable crop and consumer product development17. See also Sea buckthorn oil References ^ PLANTS Profile for Hippophae rhamnoides seaberry. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 2007-10-08. ^ Gross PM. Seabuckthorn cornucopia, Natural Products Information Center, December 2007 ^ Gross PM. Tracking market meteors: exotic superfruits, Natural Products Insider, November 2007 ^ Introduction, taxonomy and distribution of sea-buckthorn, ICRTS ^ General information on sea buckthorn, ICRTS ^ Dharmanandra S. Sea buckthorn, Institute of Traditional Medicine Online, 2004 ^ Kam, Barbara; Nora Bryan 2003. The Prairie Winterscape: Creative Gardening for the Forgotten Season. Fifth House Ltd., 108-110. ISBN I-894856-08-2. ^ Zeb A. Anti-carcinogenic potential of lipids from Hippophae: - evidence from the recent literature, Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev 7:32-5, 2006. ^ Zeb A. Important therapeutic uses of sea buckthorn Hippophae: a review. J Biol Sci 4:687-693, 2004 ^ Cenkowski S et al. Quality of extracted sea buckthorn seed and pulp oil, Can Biosystems Engin 48:3.9-3.16, 2006 ^ Zeb A. Chemical and nutritional constituents of sea buckthorn juice. Pakistan J Nutr 2004 32:99-106 ^ Zeb A. Chemical and nutritional constituents of sea buckthorn juice. Pakistan J Nutr 2004 32:99-106 ^ Kallio H, Yang B, Peippo P. 2002. Effects of different origins and harvesting time on vitamin C, tocopherols, and tocotrienols in sea buckthorn Hippophaë rhamnoides berries. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Oct 9;5021:6136-42. ^ Seabuckthorn - A Resource For Environment, Health And Economy. Defence India March 12, 2004 ^ International Seabuckthorn Association ^ Sea buckthorn journal, Hippophae, index ^ EAN-Seabuck international cooperation network for the sustainable use of sea buckthorn External links European Asian network for the development of strategies to enhance the sustainable use of sea buckthorn International Seabuckthorn Association Novelli S. Canada: sea buckthorn, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Bi-Weekly Bulletin, July 11, 2003 Li TSC, Beveridge THJ. Sea Buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides L.: Production and Utilization, National Research Council of Canada Press, no. 46317, ISBN-13 9780660190075 Li TSC. Product development of sea buckthorn In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey eds., Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA, 2002 Li TSC, Oliver A. Sea buckthorn factsheet, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, May 2001 Sea-buckthorn: A promising multi-purpose crop for Saskatchewan Introduction to sea-buckthorn, Ontario Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Rural Affairs United States Department of Agriculture Seaberry Profile Purdue University list of articles Series of high quality photos at Hort.net Flora Europaea: Hippophae Flora of Pakistan: Hippophae Flora of China: Hippophae species list See also Harvest time influences fatty acids and sterols of sea-buckthorn berries Sea-buckthorn among exotic new flavor opportunities Sea-buckthorn to join heart-healthy juice club? An alcoholic drink using seaberries. Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Sea-buckthorn Categories: Elaeagnaceae | Flora of Armenia | Medicinal plantsHidden categories: All articles with statements | Articles with statements since April 2007 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français עברית Õ€Õ¡ÕµÕ¥Ö€Õ¥Õ¶ Hornjoserbsce Ã?slenska Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий Suomi Svenska Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 16 August 2008, at 16:37
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