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20-September-2008 09:29:07 - Solanaceae Nightshade redirects here. For other uses, see Nightshade disambiguation. Solanaceae A flowering Brugmansia x insignis from the US Botanic Garden A flowering Brugmansia x insignis from the US Botanic Garden Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Juss. Genera Acnistus Alona Anisodus Anthocercis Atropa deadly nightshade Browallia Brugmansia angel's trumpet Brunfelsia Calibrachoa Capsicum peppers Cestrum Chamaesaracha Combera Crenidium Cuatresia Cyphanthera Cyphomandra Datura jimsonweed Duboisia Fabiana Hyoscyamus henbane Iochroma Juanulloa Lycianthes Lycium boxthorn Mandragora mandrake Mellissia St. Elena boxwood Methysticodendron Nicandra Nicotiana tobacco Nierembergia or cupflower Nolana Petunia Physalis cape gooseberry, ground-cherry, tomatillo Przewalskia Quincula Salpichroa Salpiglossis Saracha Schizanthus Schwenckia Scopolia Sessea Solandra Solanum tomato, potato, eggplant Streptosolen Trianaea Vestia Withania Wikispecies has information related to: Solanaceae The Solanaceae is a family of flowering plants, many of which are edible, while others are poisonous some have both edible and toxic parts. The name of the family comes from the Latin Solanum the nightshade plant, but the further etymology of that word is unclear. Most likely, the name comes from the perceived resemblance that some of the flowers bear to the sun and its rays, and in fact a species of Solanum Solanum nigrum is known as the sunberry. Alternatively, it has been suggested the name originates from the Latin verb solari, meaning to soothe. This presumably refers to alleged soothing pharmacological properties of some of the psychoactive species of the family. The family is also informally known as the nightshade or potato family. The family includes the Datura or Jimson weed, eggplant, mandrake, deadly nightshade or belladonna, capsicum paprika, chili pepper, potato, tobacco, tomato, and petunia. The Solanaceae family is characteristically ethnobotanical, that is, extensively utilized by humans. It is an important source of food, spice and medicine. However, Solanaceae species are often rich in alkaloids whose toxicity to humans and animals ranges from mildly irritating to fatal in small quantities. Flowers are typically conical or funnel in shape, with five petals, usually fused. The leaves are alternate, often with a hairy or clammy surface. Solanaceous plants produce a fruit that is either a berry, as in the case of the tomato or wolfberry, or is dehiscent capsule breaks open upon drying, or dehiscing, releasing the seeds as in the case of Datura. The seeds are usually round and flat, being 2-4 millimeters in diameter. The stamens are usually present in multiples of four most commonly four or eight. The ovaries are superior.1 The hypogynus gynoecium is a syncarp located obliquely in relation to the median. Contents 1 Alkaloids 2 Nutritional importance 3 References 4 External links 5 See also 6 Additional reading Alkaloids The Solanaceae are known for possessing a diverse range of alkaloids. As far as humans are concerned, these alkaloids can be desirable, toxic, or both, though they presumably evolved because they reduce the tendency of animals to eat the plants. One of the most important groups of these compounds is called the tropane alkaloids. The term tropane comes from a genus in which they are found, Atropa the belladonna genus. The belladonna genus is so named after the Greek Fate, Atropos, who cut the thread of life. This nomenclature betrays the toxicity and lethality that has long been known to be characteristic of these compounds. Tropane alkaloids are also found in the Datura, Mandragora, and Brugmansia genera, as well as many others in the Solanaceae family. Chemically, the molecules of these compounds have a characteristic bicyclic structure and include atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine. Pharmacologically, they are the most powerful known anticholinergics in existence, meaning they inhibit the neurological signals transmitted by the endogenous neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Symptoms of overdose may include mouth dryness, dilated pupils, ataxia, urinary retention, hallucinations, convulsions, coma, and death. Despite the extreme toxicity of the tropanes, they are important drugs when administered in appropriate and extremely small dosages. They can reverse cholinergic poisoning, which can be caused by overexposure to pesticides and chemical warfare agents such as sarin and VX. More commonly, they can halt many types of allergic reactions. Scopolamine, a commonly used ophthamological agent, dilates the pupils and thus facilitates examination of the interior of the eye. They can also be used as antiemetics in people prone to motion sickness or receiving chemotherapy. Atropine has a stimulant effect on the central nervous system and heart, whereas scopolamine has a sedative effect. A famous alkaloid from the Solanaceae family is nicotine. Like the tropanes, its pharmacology acts on cholinergic neurons, but with the opposite effect it is an agonist as opposed to an antagonist. It has a higher specificity for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors than other ACh proteins. Its effects are well known. Nicotine occurs naturally in the Nicotiana or Tobacco genus. Nutritional importance The most important species of this family for the global diet is the potato or Solanum tuberosum, whose carbohydrate-rich tubers have been a staple food in many times and places, and which is one of the most grown crops today. In many genera, the fruits are the desirable item, for example, tomatoes, tomatillos, eggplants, uchuva, and peppers. Some people experience sensitivity or allergy-like symptoms in response to nightshade plants. References ^ Yasin J. Nasir. Solanaceae. Flora of Pakistan. External links Solanaceae in Topwalks SOL Genomics Network Solanaceae Network - pictures of plants Solanaceae Source - A worldwide taxonomic monograph of all species in the genus Solanum. Solanaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz 1992 onwards. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. http://delta-intkey.com Solanaceae in USDA Plants Database. http://personal.denison.edu/~kuhlman/WOL/plants.html See also List of plants poisonous to equines Additional reading D'Arcy, William G. 1986. Solanacea. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-05780-6. Radford, Albert E. 1986. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper Row, Publishers, Inc.. ISBN 0-06-045305-2. August 2008 Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Solanaceae Categories: Solanaceae | Plant families | Poisonous plantsHidden category: Articles needing additional references from August 2008 Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages العربية БългарÑ?ки Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Ù?ارسی Français í•œêµì–´ Bahasa Indonesia Ã?slenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Nnapulitano ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ ‪Norsk nynorsk‬ Polski Português Română Runa Simi РуÑ?Ñ?кий Simple English SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina Suomi Svenska తెలà±?à°—à±? Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька Walon ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 15 August 2008, at 03:01
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