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20-September-2008 09:29:08 - Yellow River For other Yellow Rivers, see Yellow River disambiguation. Yellow River Huang He, Huang Jiang Course of the Yellow River with major cities Course of the Yellow River with major cities Origin Bayan Har Mountains, Qinghai Province Mouth Bohai Sea Basin countries China Length 5464 km 3398 mi Source elevation 4500 m 14,765 ft Avg. discharge 2,571 m³/s 90,808 ft³/s Basin area 752 000 km² This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. The Yellow River or Huang He / Huang Ho Chinese: 黃河; pinyin: Huáng Hé; Mongolian: Hatan Gol, Queen river12 is the second-longest river in China after the Yangtze River and the sixth-longest in the world at 5,464 kilometers 3,398 mi.3 Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai Province in western China, it flows through nine provinces of China and empties into the Bohai Sea. The Yellow River basin has an east-west extent of 1900 km 1,180 mi and a north-south extent of 1100 km 684 mi. Total basin area is 752,443 km² 290,520 mi². The Yellow River is called the cradle of Chinese civilization, as its basin is the birthplace of the northern Chinese civilizations and is the most prosperous region in early Chinese history. But frequent devastating flooding, largely due to the elevated river bed in its lower course, has also earned it the unenviable name China's Sorrow.4 Contents 1 Name 2 History and culture 3 Characteristics 4 Geography 4.1 Upper reaches 4.2 Middle reaches 4.3 Lower reaches 5 Tributaries 6 Hydroelectric power dams 7 Provinces and cities 8 Crossings 9 Flooding and changes of course 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Name Early Chinese literature refers to the Yellow River simply as He æ²³, or River. The first appearance of the name Yellow River 黃河 is in the Book of Han 漢書 written in the Western Han dynasty 206 BC-AD 9. The name Yellow River describes the perennial ochre-yellow colour of the muddy water in the lower course of the river. The yellow color comes from loess suspended in the water. Sometimes the Yellow River is poetically called the Muddy Flow Chinese: æ¿?æµ?; pinyin: Zhuó Liú. The Chinese expression when the Yellow River flows clear is similar to the English expression when Hell freezes over. In Tibet, its name is river of the peacock Tibetan: རྨ་ཆུ་; Wylie: rMa chu. History and culture Mother River Mother River The yellow river as depicted in Qing Dynasty Chinese landscape painting The yellow river as depicted in Qing Dynasty Chinese landscape painting Traditionally, it is believed that the Chinese civilization originated in the Yellow River basin. The Chinese refer to the river as the Mother River and the Cradle of the Chinese civilization. During the long history of China, the Yellow River has been considered a blessing as well as a curse and has been nicknamed both China's Pride ä¸åœ‹çš„驕傲 ZhÅ?ngguó de JiÄ?o'à o and China's Sorrow ä¸åœ‹çš„ç—› ZhÅ?ngguó de Tòng. Records indicate that, from 602 BC to present, the river's course underwent at least 5 large-scale changes, and its levees were breached more than 1,500 times. A major course change in 1194 took over the Huai River drainage system throughout the next 700 years. The mud in the Yellow River literally blocked the mouth of the Huai River and left thousands homeless. The Yellow River adopted its present course in 1897 after the latest course change occurred in 1855. Currently, the Yellow River flows through Jinan, capital of the Shandong province, and ends in the Bohai Sea, yet the eastern terminus for the Yellow River has oscillated from points north and south of the Shandong Peninsula in its many dramatic shifts over time.5 The river gets its yellow color mostly from the fine-grained calcareous silts which originate in the Loess Plateau and are carried in the flow. Centuries of silt deposition and diking has caused the river to flow above the surrounding farmland, making flooding a critically dangerous problem. Flooding of the Yellow River has caused some of the highest death tolls in world history, with the 1887 Huang He flood killing 900,000 to 2,000,000 and the 1931 Huang He flood killing 1,000,000 to 4,000,000. In 1938, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Nationalist troops under Chiang Kai-Shek broke the levees holding back the river in order to stop the advancing Japanese troops. The river at that time flooded a huge area and took some 500,000 to 900,000 lives including a number of advancing Japanese soldiers. Another historical source of devastating floods is the collapse of upstream ice dams in Inner Mongolia with an accompanying sudden release of vast quantities of impounded water. There have been 11 such major floods in the past century, each causing tremendous loss of life and property. Nowadays, explosives dropped from aircraft are used to break the ice dams before they become dangerous. Some of the known flood defenses used in ancient times were ditches, walls dams, levees, and rebound channels to route floodwaters around a blockage. But the solutions were merely local, and sometimes the dams were too small and weak. If the river broke down the defenses it caused far more damage than if none had been built. Characteristics The Yellow River is notable for the large amount of silt it carries-1.6 billion tons annually at the point where it descends from the Loess Plateau. If it is running to the sea with sufficient volume, 1.4 billion tons are carried to the sea annually. In modern times, since 1972 when it first dried up, the river has dried up in its lower reaches many times, from Jinan to the sea in most years, in 1997 for 226 days. The low volume is due to increased agricultural irrigation, by a factor of five since 1950. Water diverted from the river as of 1999 served 140 million people and irrigated 74,000 km² 48,572 mi² of land. The highest volume occurs during the rainy season, from July to October, when 60% of the annual volume of the river flows. Maximum demand for irrigation is needed between March and June. In order to capture excess water for use when needed, and for flood control and electricity generation, several dams have been built, but due to the high silt load their life is expected to be limited. A proposed South-North Water Transfer Project involves several schemes to divert water from the Yangtze River, one in the western headwaters of the rivers where they are closest to one another, another from the upper reaches of the Han River, and a third using the route of the Grand Canal. Due to its heavy load of silt the Yellow River is a depositing stream, that is, it deposits part of its carried burden of soil in its bed in stretches where it is flowing slowly. These deposits elevate the riverbed which flows between natural levees in its lower reaches. Should a flood occur, the river may break out of the levees into the surrounding lower flood plain and adopt a new course. Historically this has occurred about once every hundred years. In modern times, considerable effort has been made to strengthen levees and control floods. The Yellow River delta totals 8,000 square kilometers 3,090 mi². However, since 1996 it has been reported to be shrinking slightly each year through erosion.6 Geography From its sources, Gyaring Lake and Ngoring Lake high in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai Province in the far west of China, the Yellow River loops north, bends south, creating the Great Bend, and then flows generally eastward across northern China to the Gulf of Bohai, draining a basin of 752,443 km² 290,520 mi² which nourishes 120 million people. The river is commonly divided into three stages. However, different scholars have different opinions on how the three stages are divided. This article adopts the division used by the Yellow River Conservancy Commission.7 Upper reaches The Yellow River, near Xunhua, in Eastern Qinghai. Note the yellowish water, caused by loess. The Yellow River, near Xunhua, in Eastern Qinghai. Note the yellowish water, caused by loess. The upper reaches of the Yellow River constitute a segment starting from its source in the Bayan Har Mountains and ending at Hekou County of Inner Mongolia just before it turns sharply to the north. This segment has a total length of 3,472 km 2,160 mi and total basin area of 386,000 km² 149,035 mi², 51.3% of the total basin area. Along this length, the elevation of the Yellow River drops 3496 metres, with an average drop of 0.1%. The source section flows mainly through pastures, swamps, and knolls between the Bayan Har Mountains and the Anemaqen Amne Machin Mountains. The river water is clear and flows steadily. Crystal clear lakes are characteristic of this section. The two main lakes along this section are Lake Bob 扎陵湖 and Lake Eling 鄂陵湖, with capacities of 4.7 billion and 10.8 billion m³, respectively. At elevations over 4,260 m 13,976 ft above sea level they are the largest two plateau freshwater lakes in China. The valley section stretches from Longyang Gorge in Qinghai to Qingtong Gorge in Gansu. Steep cliffs line both sides of the river. The water bed is narrow and the average drop is large, so the flow in this section is extremely turbulent and fast. There are 20 gorges in this section, the most famous of these being the Longyang, Jishi, Liujia, Bapan, and Qingtong gorges. The flow conditions in this section makes it the best location for hydroelectric plants. After emerging from the Qingtong Gorge, the river comes into a section of vast alluvial plains, the Yinchuan Plain and Hetao Plain. In this section, the regions along the river are mostly deserts and grasslands, with very few tributaries. The flow is slow. The Hetao Plain has a length of 900 km 560 mi and width of 30 to 50 km 20-30 mi. It is historically the most important irrigation plain along the Yellow River. Middle reaches Yellow River at Lanzhou Yellow River at Lanzhou The part of Yellow River between Hekou County in Inner Mongolia and Zhengzhou in Henan constitutes the middle reaches of the river. The middle reaches are 1,206 km 749 mi long, with a basin area of 344,000 km² 132,820 mi², 45.7% of the total, with a total elevation drop of 890 meters 2,920 ft, an average drop of 0.074%. There are 30 large tributaries along the middle reaches, and the water flow is increased by 43.5% on this stage. The middle reaches contribute 92% of the river's silts. The middle stream of the Yellow River passes through the Loess Plateau, where substantial erosion takes place. The large amount of mud and sand discharged into the river makes the Yellow River the most sediment-laden river in the world. The highest recorded annual level of silts discharged into the Yellow River is 3.91 billion tons in 1933. The highest silt concentration level was recorded in 1977 at 920 kg/m³. These sediments later deposit in the slower lower reaches of the river, elevating the river bed and creating the famous river above ground. In Kaifeng, the Yellow River is 10 meters 33 ft above the ground level.8 From Hekou County to Yumenkou, the river passes through the longest series of continuous valleys on its main course, collectively called the Jinshan Valley. The abundant hydrodynamic resources stored in this section make it the second most suitable area to build hydroelectric power plants. The famous Hukou Waterfall is in the lower part of this valley. Lower reaches In the lower reaches, from Zhengzhou to the sea, a distance of 786 km 488 mi, the river is confined to a levee-lined course as it flows to the northeast across the North China Plain before emptying into the Bohai Sea. The basin area in this stage is only 23,000 km² 8,880 mi², 3% of the total. The total drop in elevation of the lower reaches is 93.6 m 307 ft, with an average drop of 0.012%. The silts received from the middle reaches form sediments here, elevating the river bed. During 2,000 years of levee construction, excessive sediment deposits have raised the riverbed several meters above the surrounding ground. Few tributaries add to the flow in this stage; nearly all rivers to the south drain into the Huai River, whereas those to the north drain into the Hai River. Tributaries Tributaries of the Yellow River include: White River 白河 Black River 黑河 Star River 湟水 Zuli River 祖厉河 Qingshui River 清水河 Dahei River 大黑河 Kuye River 窟野河 Wuding River æ— å®šæ²³ Fen River 汾河 Wei River æ¸æ²³ Luo River 洛河 Qin River æ²?æ²³ Dawen River 大汶河 Hydroelectric power dams Below is the list of hydroelectric power stations built on the Yellow River in bracket is the year to start operation: Sanmen Gorge hydroelectric power station 1960 Sanshenggong hydroelectric power station 1966 Qingtong Gorge hydroelectric power station 1968 Liujia Gorge hydroelectric power station 1974 Yanguo Gorge hydroelectric power station 1975 Tianqiao hydroelectric power station 1977 Bapan Gorge hydroelectric power station 1980 Longyang Gorge hydroelectric power station 1992 Da Gorge hydroelectric power station 1998 Li Gorge hydroelectric power station 1999 Wanjiazhai hydroelectric power station 1999 Xiaolangdi hydroelectric power station 2001 Provinces and cities Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains, the Yellow River passes through seven provinces and two Autonomous Regions, namely Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong. The mouth of the Yellow River is located at Dongying, Shandong. The provinces of Hebei and Henan derive their names from the Huang He. Their names mean respectively north of the Yellow River and south of the Yellow River. Major cities located along the Yellow River include, starting from the source, Lanzhou, Wuhai, Baotou, Kaifeng, and Jinan. Crossings This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. Binzhou Yellow River Highway Bridge Sunkou Yellow River Highway Bridge Zhongshan Bridge Flooding and changes of course Further information: List of natural disasters by death toll The river is extremely prone to flooding. It has flooded 1,593 times in last 3,000-4,000 years, while its main course changed 18 times. Historical maps from the Qin Dynasty indicate the Yellow River was then flowing considerably north of its present course. Those maps show that after the river passed Luoyang it flowed along the border between Shanxi and Henan provinces, continuing along the border between Hebei and Shandong before emptying into Bohai Bay near present-day Tianjin. Beginning in 1194, the part of the Yellow River flowing to the north changed its course southward by running into the Huai River. The course of the river has changed back and forth between the route of the Huai River and the original route of the Yellow River several times over the past 700 years. The consequent buildup of silt deposits was so heavy that the Huai River was unable to flow in its historic course after the Yellow River reverted to its northerly course for the last time in 1897. Instead, the water pools up into Hongze Lake and then runs southward toward the Yangtze River. Floods on the river account for some of the deadliest natural disasters ever recorded. The flatness of North China Plain contributes to the deadliness of the floods. A slight rise in water level means a large portion of land is completely covered in water. When a flood occurs, a portion of the population initially dies from drowning, then by the spread of diseases and the ensuing famine. In 1887 the river flooded the North China Plain causing an estimated 900,000-2,000,000 deaths. In 1931 the river flooded the North China Plain causing an estimated 1,000,000-4,000,000 deaths. In 1938, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Nationalist troops under the orders of Chiang Kai-Shek broke the dike holding back the Yellow River in order to stop the advancing Japanese troops. This resulted in the flooding of an area covering 54,000 km² and the deaths of 500,000-900,000 people. Several dams and flooding projects have been constructed along the Yellow River preventing any further flooding of the river. See also 1938 Yellow River flood Central Plain China Geography of China Grand Canal of China List of rivers in China North China Plain North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power Water resources of China Yellow River Cantata Yellow River Piano Concerto Yellow Sea Notes ^ geonames.de: Huang He ^ This is the name Inner Mongolians use. Outer Mongolians usually call the river Shar Mörön Шар мөрөн, that is, Yellow River. ^ Chinese history records that Yellow River has changed its course 18 times ^ China's Sorrow. Times Past: Pausing to Remember ^ Needham, Joseph. 1986. Science and Civilization in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations. Taipei: Caves Books. Ltd. Page 68. ^ Yellow River Delta Shrinking 7.6 Square Kilometers Annually, China Daily February 1, 2005, retrieved 14 September 2006 from http://china.org.cn/english/2005/Feb/119497.htm ^ Yellow River Conservancy Commission ^ Yellow River: Geographic and Historical Settings References Sinclair, Kevin. 1987. The Yellow River: A 5000 Year Journey Through China. Based on the television documentary. Child Associates Publishing, Chatswood, Sydney, Australia. ISBN 0-86777-347-2 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Huang He Yellow River at University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Listen to the Yellow River Ballade from the Yellow River Cantata A Troubled River Mirrors China's Path to Modernity, New York Times November 19, 2006 First raft descent of the Yellow River from its source in Qinghai to its mouth 1987 Yellow River at risk - Greenpeace China Coordinates: 34°55'19N, 97°30'43E Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Yellow_River Categories: Rivers of ChinaHidden category: Incomplete lists Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages አማáˆáŠ› العربية Bosanski БългарÑ?ки Català Česky Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 文言 í•œêµì–´ हिनà¥?दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 ‪Norsk bokmÃ¥l‬ Occitan Polski Português Română РуÑ?Ñ?кий संसà¥?कृत Simple English SlovenÄ?ina SlovenÅ¡Ä?ina СрпÑ?ки / Srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Türkçe УкраїнÑ?ька اردو 粵語 ä¸æ–‡ This page was last modified on 16 August 2008, at 04:0
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