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20-September-2008 09:29:08 - Yohimbine Yohimbine Systematic IUPAC name 17α-hydroxy-yohimban-16α- carboxylic acid methyl ester Identifiers CAS number 146-48-5 ATC code G04BE04 PubChem 8969 Chemical data Formula C21H26N2O3 Mol. mass 354.44 g/mol base 390.90 g/mol hydrochloride Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability ? Metabolism ? Half life ? Excretion ? Therapeutic considerations Pregnancy cat. ? Legal status OTC Routes ? Yohimbine, also known under the antiquated names quebrachin, aphrodin, corynine, yohimvetol and hydroergotocin, is a purported aphrodisiac. Contents 1 Function 1.1 Aphrodisiac 1.2 Other uses 2 Mechanism 3 Production 4 Adverse effects 5 References 6 External links Function Aphrodisiac The NIH states that Yohimbine hydrochloride is the standardized form of yohimbine that is available as a prescription medicine in the United States, and has been shown in human studies to be effective in the treatment of male impotence.1 Yohimbine chloride-a standardized form of yohimbine-is a prescription medicine that has been used to treat erectile dysfunction.2 Controlled studies suggest that it is not always an effective treatment for impotence, and evidence of increased sex drive libido is anecdotal only.3 It cannot be excluded that orally administered yohimbine can have a beneficial effect in some patients with ED. The conflicting results available may be attributed to differences in drug design, patient selection, and definitions of positive response. However, generally, available results of treatment are not impressive. - Review of literature on Yohimbine studies 2000., Morales, 2000b Yohimbine has been shown to be effective in the reversal of sexual satiety and exhaustion in male rats. 4 Other uses Yohimbine hydrochloride has also been used for the treatment of sexual side effects caused by some antidepressants SSRIs, female hyposexual disorder, as a blood pressure boosting agent in autonomic failure, xerostomia, and as a probe for noradrenergic activity. Yohimbine has been used to facilitate recall of traumatic memories in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD.5. Use of yohimbine outside therapeutic settings may not be appropriate for persons suffering from PTSD.6 According to one study, oral yohimbine supplementation may actuate significant fat loss in athletes.7 Some internet shops sell expensive formulations of yohimbine for transdermal delivery to effect a local reduction of adipose tissue, although there is no experimental evidence that it is effective. Demand for products of this kind is frequently found in the bodybuilding community. In veterinary medicine, yohimbine is used to reverse anesthesia from the drug xylazine in small and large animals. Mechanism Yohimbine Hydrochloride is a selective competitive alpha2-adrenergic receptor antagonist. The alpha2 receptor is responsible for sensing adrenaline and noradrenaline and telling the body to decrease its production as part of a negative feedback loop. Yohimbine also antagonizes several serotonin receptor subtypes: 1A inhibitory, behavioral control, 1B inhibitory, vasoconstriction, 1D inhibitory, vasoconstriction, and 2B smooth muscle contraction. Since yohimbine is an antagonist, it will decrease the effects of these receptors, thus causing excitation, vasodilation, and smooth muscle relaxation. Yohimbine is also said to increase dopamine and have some actions as an MAOI, although these mechanisms are unknown. Yohimbine and Yohimbine bark may also cause vasodilation through endothelin B receptor stimulation and nitric oxide NO release. Production Yohimbine is the principal alkaloid of the bark of the West-African evergreen Pausinystalia yohimbe Pierre formerly Corynanthe yohimbe, family Rubiaceae Madder family. There are 31 other yohimbane alkaloids found in Yohimbe. In Africa, yohimbine has traditionally been used as an aphrodisiac.8 However it is very important to note that while the terms yohimbine, yohimbine hydrochloride, and yohimbe bark extract are related, they are not interchangeable.9 The active chemical present in yohimbe bark is Yohimbine HCl indole alkaloid found in the bark of the Pausinystalia yohimbe tree. However, the levels of yohimbine that are present in yohimbe bark extract are variable and often very low.1 Therefore, although yohimbe bark has been used traditionally to reduce male erectile dysfunction, there is not enough scientific evidence to form a definitive conclusion in this area. Adverse effects Yohimbine has significant side effects such as anxiety reactions. According to the Mayo Clinic, yohimbine can be dangerous if used in excessive amounts.10 Higher doses of oral yohimbine may create numerous side effects such as rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, and overstimulation. It causes insomnia and sleeplessness. References ^ a b 1 National Institutes of Health ^ 2 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ^ Pharmacology of Penile Erection -- Andersson 53 3: 417 -- Pharmacological Reviews. Retrieved on 2007-12-23. ^ Fernández-Guasti A, RodrÃguez-Manzo G. Pharmacological and physiological aspects of sexual exhaustion in male rats. Scand J Psychol. 2003 Jul;443:257-63. PMID 12914589 ^ Approaches to the Treatment of PTSD 1995. ^ Yohimbine use in a natural setting: effects on posttraumatic stress disorder.. ^ Yohimbine: the effects on body composition and exercise performance in soccer players.. ^ 3 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ^ 4 National Institutes of Health ^ 5 Mayo Clinic External links Erectile Dysfunction and Yohimbine Erowid Yohimbe Vault Yohimbe bark extract MedlinePlus v d e Urologicals G04 Acidifiers Ammonium chloride, Calcium chloride Urinary antispasmodics primarily antimuscarinics Darifenacin, Emepronium, Fesoterodine, Flavoxate, Imidafenacin, Meladrazine, Oxybutynin, Propiverine, Solifenacin, Terodiline, Tolterodine, Trospium For erectile dysfunction prostaglandins Alprostadil PDE5 inhibitors Avanafil - Sildenafil - Tadalafil - Udenafil - Vardenafil alpha blockers Moxisylyte - Phentolamine - Yohimbine others Apomorphine - Papaverine Other urologicals Acetohydroxamic acid, Collagen, Dimethyl sulfoxide, Magnesium hydroxide, Pentosan polysulfate, Phenazopyridine, Phenyl salicylate, Succinimide For BPH 5α-reductase inhibitors Dutasteride, Finasteride Alpha blockers Alfuzosin, Doxazosin, Silodosin, Tamsulosin, Terazosin Herbals Pygeum africanum, Serenoa repens v d e Dietary supplements Types Amino acids Bodybuilding supplement Energy drink Energy bar Fatty acids Herbal Supplements Minerals Prebiotics Probiotics Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium Vitamins Whole food supplements Vitamins and minerals Retinol Vitamin A B vitamins: Thiamine B1 Riboflavin B2 Niacin B3 Pantothenic acid B5 Pyridoxine B6 Biotin B7 Folic acid B9 Cyanocobalamin B12 Ascorbic acid Vitamin C Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol Vitamin D Tocopherol Vitamin E Naphthoquinone Vitamin K Calcium Choline Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc Other common ingredients Carnitine Chondroitin sulfate Cod liver oil Copper gluconate Creatine/Creatine supplements Dietary fiber Elemental calcium Ephedra Fish oil Folic acid Ginseng Glucosamine Glutamine Iron supplements Japanese Honeysuckle Krill oil Lingzhi Linseed oil Melatonin Red yeast rice Royal jelly Saw palmetto Spirulina Taurine Wheatgrass Wolfberry Yohimbine Zinc gluconate Related articles Codex Alimentarius Enzyte Metabolife Hadacol Nutraceutical Multivitamin Nutrition v d e Adrenergic antagonists α α1 selective Doxazosin - Prazosin - Alfuzosin - Terazosin - 1A Tamsulosin α2 selective Atipamezole - Efaroxan - Idazoxan - Yohimbine - Benzylpiperazine - Rauwolscine - Mirtazapine Non-selective α reversible Phentolamine - irreversible Phenoxybenzamine β β1 selective cardioselective Atenolol Acebutolol Celiprolol Betaxolol Bisoprolol Esmolol Metoprolol Nebivolol β2 selective Butaxamine ICI 118551 β3 selective SR 59230A Non-selective β Alprenolol Amosulalol Metipranolol Nadolol Oxprenolol Penbutolol Pindolol Propranolol Tertatolol Timolol Sotalol Mixed α1/β Carvedilol Labetalol Arotinolol Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Yohimbine Categories: Alpha blockers | Herbal and fungal hallucinogens | Medicinal plants Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page Languages Deutsch Français 日本語 Polski РуÑ?Ñ?кий SlovenÄ?ina Svenska This page was last modified on 3 August 2008, at 03:32
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