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20-September-2008 09:29:08 - Zinc gluconate Zinc gluconate Identifiers CAS number 4468-02-4 Properties Molecular formula C12H22O14Zn Molar mass 455.685 g/mol Melting point 172-175 °C Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 °C, 100 kPa Infobox references Zinc gluconate is the zinc salt of gluconic acid. It is an ionic compound consisting of two moles of gluconate for each mole of zinc. Zinc gluconate is a popular form for the delivery of zinc as a dietary supplement. Gluconic acid is found naturally, and is industrially manufactured by the fermentation of glucose, typically by Aspergillus niger, but also by other fungi, e.g. Penicillium, or by bacteria, e.g. Acetobacter, Pseudomonas and Gluconobacter.1 In its pure form, it is a white to off-white powder. It can also be manufactured by electrolytic oxidation2, although this is a more expensive process. The advantages are a lower microbiological profile, and a more complete reaction, yielding a product with a longer shelf life. Zinc gluconate may interfere with the absorption of antibiotics, so combinations may be unsafe. Contents 1 Zinc gluconate glycine 2 Safety concerns 3 References 4 External links Zinc gluconate glycine Zinc gluconate glycine is a formulation containing zinc gluconate and the amino acid glycine. It is available as an over-the-counter remedy for the common cold. Zinc gluconate, when made into a lozenge by itself, has a mildly acidic taste, which will turn into a bitter taste over a period of time. The addition of large amounts of glycine to the lozenge produces a much milder and more stable taste. The resulting commercial products have a nearly unlimited shelf life. This compound was patented in 1985 by John C. Godfrey of Godfrey Science Design. The Quigley Corporation has trademarked the name ZIGG for the compound. The company is also the only major supplier of zinc gluconate glycine, distributed under the brand name Cold-Eeze. All clinical trials of the compound to date have involved the lozenges in this product family. Like zinc gluconate, zinc gluconate glycine has been shown in clinical trials to shorten the mean and median duration of symptoms of the common cold.3 The amount of glycine added can range anywhere from two to twenty moles of glycine for each mole of zinc gluconate US Patent 4,684,528, Claim 1. The manufacturer claims that its product reduces the duration of common cold symptoms by 42%, compared to the natural duration. However, the actual benefits gained from the product depend heavily on how quickly the treatment is started after the first appearance of symptoms. Repeated clinical trials of the compound have generally shown a measurable, but varied, benefit relative to a placebo, typically on the order of a one- to four-day reduction in symptom duration.456 A 2001 study seemed to show that zinc gluconate only works with certain types of colds, and its effect is most measurable after the 2nd or 3rd day7. Safety concerns In September 2003, Zicam faced lawsuits from users who claimed that the product negatively affected their sense of smell, and sometimes taste. In January 2006, 340 lawsuits were settled for $12 million.8 In early 2004, at the height of the controversy, Matrixx Initiatives, Inc., the maker of Zicam, claimed that only a small number of people had experienced problems and that anosmia loss of smell can, amongst others, also be caused by the common cold itself. Matrixx also claimed that zinc gluconate dissolves into zinc ions and gluconate, and that both are naturally occurring compounds which are found in all human tissues. They also claim that Zicam is a buffered gel which is formulated to have a neutral pH. The plaintiffs countered Matrixx, claiming that many of the patients had experienced a strong and very painful burning sensation when they used the product, indicating damage to the nasal tissue. No part of the settlement targeted the product's removal from sale, and the nasal gel continues to be available at drug stores throughout the USA. The two creators of Zicam have come under scrutiny. Robert Steven Davidson received his PhD from an unaccred university which has since closed while Charles B. Hensley has been cited by the US Food and Drug Administration for selling unapproved drugs over the internet.9 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA considers zinc gluconate to be generally recognized as safe GRAS when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice, although this does not constitute a finding by the FDA that the substance is a useful dietary supplement.10 References ^ Sumitra Ramachandran, Pierre Fontanille, Ashok Pandey and Christian Larroche 2006. Gluconic Acid: A Review. Food Technology and Biotechnology 44 2: 185-195. Retrieved on 2006-12-06. ^ Henk G.J. de Wilt 1972. Part I: The oxidation of Glucose to Gluconic Acid. Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Develop. 11 4: 370 -. Retrieved on 2006-12-06. ^ Godfrey JC, Godfrey NJ, Novick SG. 1996. Zinc for treating the common cold: Review of all clinical trials since 1984.. PMID 8942045. ^ D. Hulisz 2004. Efficacy of zinc against common cold viruses: an overview.. PMID 15496046. ^ BH McElroy 2003. An open-label, single-center, phase IV clinical study of the effectiveness of zinc gluconate glycine lozenges Cold-Eeze in reducing the duration and symptoms of the common cold in school-aged subjects.. PMID 12975716. ^ Eby GA 2004. Zinc lozenges: cold cure or candy? Solution chemistry determinations. Biosci. Rep. 24 1: 23-39. doi:10.1023/B:BIRE.0000037754.71063.41. PMID 15499830. ^ Infections and Immune System Diseases - The Family Health Guide ^ zicam.vanosteen.com ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/30/AR2006013001255.html Retrieved on 2008-02-27 ^ Title 21, Part 182 Substances Generally Recognized as Safe 21CFR182. United States Code of Federal Regulations. Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved on 2007-07-09. External links U.S. Patent 4,758,439 - Flavor of zinc supplements for oral use U.S. Patent 4,684,528 - Flavor of zinc supplements for oral use Clinical information from manufacturer A12CB02 v d e Dietary supplements Types Amino acids Bodybuilding supplement Energy drink Energy bar Fatty acids Herbal Supplements Minerals Prebiotics Probiotics Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium Vitamins Whole food supplements Vitamins and minerals Retinol Vitamin A B vitamins: Thiamine B1 Riboflavin B2 Niacin B3 Pantothenic acid B5 Pyridoxine B6 Biotin B7 Folic acid B9 Cyanocobalamin B12 Ascorbic acid Vitamin C Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol Vitamin D Tocopherol Vitamin E Naphthoquinone Vitamin K Calcium Choline Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc Other common ingredients Carnitine Chondroitin sulfate Cod liver oil Copper gluconate Creatine/Creatine supplements Dietary fiber Elemental calcium Ephedra Fish oil Folic acid Ginseng Glucosamine Glutamine Iron supplements Japanese Honeysuckle Krill oil Lingzhi Linseed oil Melatonin Red yeast rice Royal jelly Saw palmetto Spirulina Taurine Wheatgrass Wolfberry Yohimbine Zinc gluconate Related articles Codex Alimentarius Enzyte Metabolife Hadacol Nutraceutical Multivitamin Nutrition v d e Mineral supplements A12 Calcium Calcium phosphate - Calcium glubionate - Calcium gluconate - Calcium carbonate - Calcium lactate - Calcium lactate gluconate - Calcium chloride - Calcium glycerylphosphate - Calcium citrate lysine complex - Calcium glucoheptonate - Calcium pangamate Potassium Potassium chloride - Potassium citrate - Potassium hydrogentartrate - Potassium hydrogencarbonate - Potassium gluconate Sodium Sodium chloride - Sodium sulfate Zinc Zinc sulfate - Zinc gluconate Magnesium Magnesium chloride - Magnesium sulfate - Magnesium gluconate - Magnesium citrate - Magnesium aspartate - Magnesium lactate - Magnesium levulinate - Magnesium pidolate - Magnesium orotate - Magnesium oxide Fluoride Sodium fluoride - Sodium monofluorophosphate Selenium Sodium selenate - Sodium selenite Retrieved from http://en..org/wiki/Zinc_gluconate Categories: Zinc | Dietary supplements | Gluconates Views Article Discussion this page History Personal tools Log in / create account Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Search Go Search Interaction Community portal Recent changes Contact Donate to Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this page This page was last modified on 3 August 2008, at 19:57
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